卢卡奇对实证主义方法的双重批判及其内在冲突

Lukács’ Double Criticism of Positivism and Its Internal Conflict

卢卡奇从"非总体性"与"反本体论"双重维度对实证主义方法展开了批判。"非总体性"批判指认了实证主义方法将事实与理性相分离并把社会视为各环节简单叠加的谬误,其实质在于针砭实证主义方法的超验性形而上学思维。"反本体论"批判揭示了实证主义方法通过规避任何有关存在问题的本体论询问以拒斥"形而上学"基础的企图,但批判本身却不免借用了超验性形而上学的思维方式。这一"双重批判"前后对超验性形而上学思维从反对到借用的过程,反映了卢卡奇观点上的退让和立场上的内在冲突,表明其并未彻底超越形而上学的思维方式。卢卡奇的"双重批判"活动内含消极形而上学思维,并最终陷入了寄望主体意识和劳动目的性来认识历史与革命现实的乌托邦诉求,归根结底暴露了其方法论层面形而上的局限。

Lukács criticizes positivist methods from the dual dimensions of"non-totality"and"anti-ontology"."Non-totality"criticizes the fallacy of positivist method of separating facts from reason and regarding society as simple superposition of each link.Its essence lies in criticizing the transcendental metaphysical thinking of positivist method.The criticism of"anti-ontology"reveals the attempt of positivism to reject the basis of"metaphysics"by evading any ontological inquiry about existential problems,but the criticism itself inevitably uses the thinking mode of transcendental metaphysics.The process from opposition to using of transcendental metaphysical thinking before and after this"double criticism"reflects Lukács’concession on viewpoint and the inherent conflict of position,which indicates that it has not completely transcended the metaphysical way of thinking.Lukács’"double criticism"activity contains negative metaphysical thinking,and finally falls into the utopian appeal of relying on subject consciousness and labor purpose to understand history and revolutionary reality,which ultimately exposes its methodological limitations.