圣—凡—俗:斯里兰卡康提“寺—城—乡”的民族志

Sacred,Worldly and Secular:Ethnography of Temple,City and Rural Area in Kandy,Sri Lanka

埃米尔·杜尔凯姆提出的“神圣—世俗”二元论是人类学的重要概念,但鲜有学者探寻圣俗的中间形态。康提是斯里兰卡文化、政治和经济核心地,基于康提寺、城、乡的仪式、空间和社会生产所呈现出来“圣—凡—俗”的三元结构样态,展示了斯里兰卡社会遵循的文化语法:神圣的寺是斯里兰卡人的宇宙中心,凡世的城以“王权+神权”的社会结构夯实了这个中心,世俗的乡在寺、城基础上编织了一张更大的社会生产网络。基于信仰和种姓基础上的“圣—凡—俗”图景深深扎根于斯里兰卡社会结构中,形成了稳定的三元结构样态,从僧伽罗王朝时期村民向国王单向维度的朝圣与供养,衍化为当代地方性知识和现代化需要的联动与共生模式。

The sacred-secular dualism proposed by Emil Durkheim is an important concept in anthropology,but few scholars have explored the intermediate form of it.Kandy is the cultural,political and economic core of Sri Lanka.Based on the rituals,space and social production of the temple,city area and rural area in Kandy,the ternary structure of sacred-worldly-secular shows the cultural grammar in Sri Lankan society.The sacred temple is the center of the Sri Lankan universe.The worldly city has consolidated this center with the social structure of kingship and theocracy.The secular rural area has woven a larger social production network on the basis of temples and cities.Based on belief and caste system,the sacred-worldly-secular picture is deeply rooted in the social structure of Sri Lanka,forming a stable ternary structure.The one-way pilgrimage and support from villagers to the king in the Sinhalese Dynasty has evolved into the new interactive mode that is the symbiosis of contemporary local knowledge and modernization needs.