国际体育仲裁院对体育组织规则与决定的审查--以平昌冬奥会俄罗斯运动员参赛资格纠纷为例

The Court of Arbitration for Sport’s Review on Rules and Decisions by Sports Governing Bodies:The Case of Eligibility Disputes over Russian Athletes’Participation in the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics

震惊体坛的俄罗斯运动员大规模使用兴奋剂事件引发了一系列后果,国际奥委会对俄罗斯奥委会实施禁赛,俄罗斯运动员必须经由国际奥委会特别设立的邀请程序方得参加平昌冬奥会。体育仲裁院平昌冬奥会特别仲裁处经审查认定该程序具有法律依据且实施得当。然而,该程序实际设立了一项特别参赛规则:存在兴奋剂违纪记录的俄罗斯运动员不得参加平昌冬奥会。该规则有违反"一事不再罚"原则之嫌,但特别仲裁处由于未能充分行使抽象审查的权力,未能为俄罗斯运动员的权利提供适当救济。体育组织应审慎行使规则和决定的自治权,充分考量规则和决定的合法性、合理性。另外,我国现有针对体育组织决定和规则的外部审查机制存在主体单一化、缺乏独立性的缺陷,不利于运动员权益的保障,应尽快建立具有可操作性的体育仲裁制度。

The massive doping problems in Russia caused a series of consequences.Because of the suspension on the Russian Olympic Committee by the International Olympic Committee(IOC),Russian athletes must go through a specially established IOC invitation procedure to participate in the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics.Upon review,the Ad Hoc Division at the Pyeongchang Winter Olympic Games of the Arbitration Court for Sport(CAS AHD)found that the procedure has a legal basis and had been properly implemented.However,the procedure actually sets up a special eligibility rule:Russian athletes who had been found to commit an Anti-Doping Rule Violation were not eligible to participate in the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics.The rule,however,might have violated the legal principle of ne bis in idem.Nevertheless,CAS AHD failed to fully exercise its power of abstract review,resulting in failure to provide proper remedies for Russian athletes.Sports governing bodies should carefully exercise their autonomy in rule-making and decision-making,and fully consider the legitimacy and rationality of rules and decisions.In addition,China’s existing external review mechanism for decisions and rules made by sports governing bodies has the defects of homogenization and lack of independence,and is not conducive to the protection of athletes’rights and interests.Therefore,an operational sports arbitration system should be established as soon as possible.