北方中大型果园枝条类废弃物综合生态利用研究--以东北地区果园枝条类废弃物利用为例

Comprehensive Ecological Utilization of Abandoned Branches of Fruit Trees in Medium and Large-sized Orchards in Northern China--Taking the Utilization of Abandoned Branches of Fruit Trees in Orchards in Northeastern China as a Case

北方果园冬季修剪、因恶劣天气或机械作业折断的枝条及剔除的病死株等是造成果园枝条类废弃物的主要来源,这些废弃物一般堆积在果园周边,既有传播病害又有发生火灾的风险。因枝条含有大量的碳素营养,如何变废为宝,实现这些物质科学还园、培肥地力等一直是北方果树生产中所面临的主要问题。根据沈阳农业大学果树栽培与生理生态创新团队多年对枝条类废弃物探索研究及教学科研基地实际管理经验,北方中大型果园枝条类废弃物传统的焚烧、填埋等方式存在一定的弊端与问题,焚烧处理方法会产生大量的有毒气体污染环境,同时也不利于农业可持续发展,填埋因枝条废弃物一般体积大、水分较少和质量轻,会占用较大地方,可以采取将枝条类废弃物粉碎转化为有机堆肥或者生物炭等办法加以科学利用。

The abandoned branches in orchards in northeastern China come mainly from the branches produced by winter pruning, the broken branches caused by bad weather or mechanical operation, and the removed branches of dead or diseased fruit trees as well. These abandoned branches, which are usually piled up around orchards, carry both the risk of spreading disease and of fire. The abandoned branches contain a lot of carbon nutrition, so how to turn waste into treasure, return the substances to orchards in a scientific way, and increase soil fertility have been main problems which the northern fruit tree production is confronted with. Years of exploration and research of abandoned branches and the experience in teaching and research base management conducted and gained by the fruit tree cultivation and physiological and ecological innovation team of Shenyang Agricultural University show that disadvantages and problems exist in traditional means of incineration and landfilling of abandoned branches in medium and large-sized northern orchards, for incineration usually produces a lot of toxic gas which pollutes environment and is harmful to human health and landfilling usually takes up a lot of space because the abandoned branches are usually large, have very little moisture and are light in mass. The abandoned branches can be utilized by means of crushing them into organic compost and biochar.