晚唐五代的商人、军将与藩镇回图务

Merchants,Military Officers and the Trading Departments under Provincial System in the Late Tang&Five Dynasties

作为一种与民众日常生活紧密相关的地方治理体系,唐五代藩镇呈现出复杂的社会经济面相。中唐以降,各地藩镇以筹措军饷为名,普遍设立回图务等职能机构,经营以邸店贸易为代表的商业活动。回图务任职者大多拥有军将职衔,其组织形态也接近于同期藩镇其他差遣类职务。但另一方面,回图务与“行商坐贾”的民间商业经营方式并无二致,且任职者呈家族亲缘性特征。以此为契机,大批民间商人拾级而上,挂籍军府,获得军将职衔,甚至准官僚身份。部分商人进而与军将发生了社会面貌的交融,身份界线趋于模糊。除具备国家机器的官僚制属性之外,藩镇也是一种对不同阶层、职业人群起到整合作用的社会机制。

As a local governance system which connected to peoples'daily lives,provincial system in late Tang and Five Dynasties demonstrated some socializing characteristics.Since mid-Tang,in the name of military expenditures,local military governments started establishing trading departments(Huituwu),and running business publicly.Most staffs in Huituwu were appointed as military officers,which was as same as other departments in local military governments.But in the meanwhile,as a trading department,the business pattern of Huituwu was quiet similar to folk merchants',and staffs shared relationships between each other.Therefore,lots of folk merchants were recruited into military governments and became military officers.As a result,merchants and military officers were integrated into a common body in some cases.