汉魏时期的井及取水方式--以河西魏晋十六国壁画墓图像为主

Wells and Water Drawing and Transporting Methods of the Han and Wei Dynasties--Mainly Based on Frescoes and Tomb Drawings of the Wei and Jin Dynasties and the 16-State Periods in Hexi,Gansu Province

河西魏晋十六国时期墓葬砖画中,有数幅井以及从井中汲水图像。其中两幅画面显示,井似在庭院内,可就近取用水,与中原相同;两幅可能不在庭院内,需要前往运水。井的构造多为带有井架、辘轳,高出地面的方口形;汲水的工具除了疑似木桶外,可能还有"柳斗",或已经出现了皮囊、木桶;而运水的工具则为木桁和瓮,与辽宁棒台子汉墓、山东沂南汉代画像石庖厨图中显示相同,需要两人配合,抬水者则为女性炊事人员。除此外,还有一幅背水图,背水者应该是羌女。

Among the tomb brick drawings dating back to the Wei and Jin Dynasties and the 16-State period(220-439) several depict wells and drawing water from the wells. In two of them we can see that the wells are located in the courtyard for convenient water drawing. This layout was similar to that of heartland China. In another two,the wells are located outside the courtyard,requiring people to go out to get water. The wells usually have square openings rising above the ground. Above the openings are headframes with pulley tackles. Besides wooden barrels( possibly),vessels used to draw water from the well include wicker baskets or perhaps animal hide bags,which had already come into use by that time. Vessels used to transport water include ribbands and vases,similar to kitchen drawings unearthed in Liaoning and Shandong provinces dating back to the Han dynasties(202 B.C.E – 220 A.D.). To carry water back required two people. The ones bearing water were female cooks. There is still another drawing in which water is carried on the back of a Qiang woman.