汉字记录苗语神辞《家先一宗》初探

A Preliminary Study on the Recording of the Divine Words of Miao Language Jia Xian Yi Zong in Chinese Characters

《家先一宗》是汉字记录苗语神辞的文本,由《家先一宗》和《家先一课》两个部分构成,共82个页面。据收藏者介绍,该书的正本成于清朝末期,所使用的文字,绝大多数都是常用的汉字,有少部分是记录者自创的文字或符号。其对汉字的使用有两种情形:一是用音;二是用义。用音是大多数,用义是极少数。其使用汉字拟写苗语有两个特点:一是这些汉字的读音,多数不是时下汉语普通话确定的标准音,而是普通话标准音形成以前的黔东北、湘西、渝东南一带苗族地区使用的汉语语音;二是汉字的读音,与所记录的苗语语音,不是对等,而是大体接近。通过对该书部分内容的苗语音义还原,发现该书在具有一定价值的同时,隐含一些谜团。

Jia Xian Yi Zong is a text in which Chinese characters record the magic words of Miao language,which consists of two parts:Jia Xian Yi Zong and Jia Xian Yi Ke,with a total of 82 pages.According to collectors,the original book was written at the end of the Qing Dynasty,and the vast majority of the characters used are commonly used Chinese characters,and a small number of them are characters or symbols created by the recorder.There are two situations in the use of Chinese characters:one is the use of pronunciation and the other is the use of meaning.The use of sound is in the majority,but the use of meaning is very few.The use of Chinese characters to write the Miao language has two characteristics:first,the pronunciation of these Chinese characters is not the standard pronunciation determined by Putonghua nowadays,but the Chinese pronunciation used in the Miao areas of northeast Guizhou,Xiangxi and southeast Chongqing before the standard pronunciation of Putonghua was formed;second,the pronunciation of Chinese characters is not equivalent to the recorded Miao pronunciation,but generally close.Through the restoration of the sound and meaning of part of the book in Miao language,it is found that the book not only has a certain value,but also implies some mysteries.