通过“合意”建构的三元行动理论:重探韦伯的《关于理解社会学的一些范畴》

A Ternary Action Theory Based on the Concept of“Einverst ndnis”:Revisiting the Typologies of Action and Order in Max Weber’s “On Some Categories of Interpretive Sociology”

韦伯的《关于理解社会学的一些范畴》(下文简称《范畴》)对于发展社会行动具有关键作用,却由于诸多因素让位于《社会学的基本概念》。本文从《范畴》内部的论述结构与外部的参照比较出发,进行相关脉络的梳理,以证明该文具有独特的理论内涵,然后指出"合意"在社会行动与社会关系上的双元角色以及通过"合意"所建构的"共同体行动╱合意行动╱社会体行动"三元行动类型。综观之,《范畴》的理论意涵值得我们反思"从行动到秩序"之间的另一种可能性。

Max Weber’s "On Some Categories of Interpretive Sociology",published in 1913,plays a key role in both the development of his social theory and the contemporary study of his ideas on social action and social order.However,scholars are often preoccupied by Weber’s 1920 book of BasicConcepts in Sociology and,from certain reasons,neglect his "On Some Categories of Interpretative Sociology".In order to make up for this shortcoming,this paper compares the internal discourse structure and external references of SomeCategoriesto sort out related contexts to prove that the book has unique theoretical connotation.The interpretation of this paper is different from the two existing interpretations,that is,Some Categories is understood from the perspective of either "communication action theory"or"rational choice theory".A re-examination of the concepts in the book points out the dual role of"Einverst ndnis":a conceptual relation in social action connecting"Gemeinschaftshandeln/Einverst ndnishandeln/Gesellschaftshandeln"on the one hand,and a conceptual relation in social order connecting "action/Einverst ndnis/Vergesellschaftung"on the other hand.In this sense,what Weber established in Some Categories is a ternary action theory of "Gemeinschaftshandeln/Einverst ndnishandeln/Gesellschaftshandeln".At the core of the ternary action theory are the concept of Einverst ndnishandeln and one of its three elements-"asif order".Both act to facilitate the transition between different actions and orders.In summary,the theoretical importance of Some Categories invites us to reflect on alternative ways of theorizing"from action to order"in social theory.