日本海洋自然公园的立法与管理及其启示

Legislation and Management of Marine Nature Parks in Japan and Their Implications for China

海洋自然公园是日本海洋保护区的一种重要类型,兼具生态旅游和生物多样性保护功能。日本海洋自然公园的法律依据立法层级较高,包括综合性和专业性立法。在海洋自然公园管理中,日本涉海政府部门协调合作、多方主体参与其中,并以海洋自然公园管理计划为日常管理的重要依据。从整体来看,日本海洋自然公园更注重发展旅游业,生物多样性保护水平受到限制。日本海洋自然公园立法与管理经验给中国的启示是:在海洋自然公园建设中,应平衡保护与利用的关系,坚持以生态保护为核心,采取分区管控模式,提高海洋自然公园的立法层级,完善涉海政府部门协调管理机制,促进多主体的积极参与,制定并及时更新海洋自然公园管理计划。

Marine nature park is an important type of Marine Protected Area in Japan,which has both ecotourism and biodiversity protection functions.The legal basis of Marine Nature Park in Japan has a high level,including both comprehensive and professional legislations.Many sea-related governmental departments of Japan have coordinated and cooperated in the management of marine natural parks,and other non-government entities have also involved in the management.Moreover,Japan attaches importance to the management plan for marine natural parks.Generally speaking,Japan is more concerned about the tourism function of marine nature parks,and thus the level of protection is limited.The legislation and management practices of marine nature parks in Japan inspire China that in the construction of marine parks,China should endeavor to balance the relationship between protection and utilization through making ecological protection as the core goal,improving the legislative level of marine park,implementing zoning management,improving the coordinated management mechanism of sea-related governmental agencies,promoting the positive participation of multiple parties,and paying attention to the management plans of marine parks.