美式数字贸易规则的发展演进研究--基于《美日数字贸易协定》的视角

The Research on the Development of American Digital Trade Rules

UJDTA是美日数字贸易治理博弈的最新产物。与美国主导的TPP、USMCA相比,有值得关注的调整和变化。第一,UJDTA强化了对数字知识产权的保护力度,但同时为保障政府执法能力做出了例外规定。第二,UJDTA将"知识产权"和"广播"重新纳入"数字产品非歧视性待遇"的例外规定,呈现出明显的"USMCA-"特征,但同时明确缩小"广播例外"的实施范围实现了对TPP相关规则的深化。第三,UJDTA的数字税规则对USMCA和TPP进行扩展,强调成员方针对数字服务和产品征收国内税需基于非歧视原则。故UJDTA推进数字贸易发展的雄心水平整体上介于TPP与USMCA之间。

UJDTA is the latest product of the US-Japan digital trade governance game. Compared with the US-led TPP and USMCA, UJDTA has made some noteworthy adjustments and changes in the rule structure and text content. First,compared with the "e-commerce chapter" of TPP, UJDTA strengthened the protection of digital intellectual property rights by explicitly adding "protection algorithms and encryption technology", but also made exceptions to protect the government’s law enforcement capabilities. Second, UJDTA reincorporated "Intellectual Property" and "Broadcasting" into the exception provisions of "Non-Discriminatory Treatment of Digital Products", showing a clear "USMCA-" characteristic, but at the same time clearly limited the scope of implementation of the "Broadcast Exception" and realized the deepening of TPP related rules. Third, in terms of digital tax rules, UJDTA has expanded the content of the rules of USMCA and TPP, emphasizing that members must levy digital taxes based on the principle of non-discrimination. This article believes that UJDTA ’s ambition to promote the development of digital trade is generally between TPP and USMCA. In the future, the United States is expected to continue to work on supplementing and upgrading the text of the agreement in areas such as"unifying personal privacy protection standards","strengthening intellectual property protection", and"expanding foreign investment access to the digital service market". On the other hand,they will seek to expand the scope of the text of the agreement and even hope to include the EU.