皮亚杰“临床法”的方法论意蕴及其对教育技术研究的观照

The Methodological Implication of Piaget’s“Clinical Method”and Its Value to Educational Technology Research

皮亚杰因认识论研究需要创立的"临床法",不仅推动了哲学认识论的革命性发展,而且也催生了颇负盛名的儿童认知发展阶段理论。但是由于临床法并不符合科学心理学"严格实验"的衡量标准而备受争议。这本质上是因学界对临床法操作层面上的肤浅解读所致。只有上升到方法论的层面来理解临床法,才能挖掘出其更重要的价值。从方法论层面来说,临床法首先是皮亚杰继承康德就认识论问题的思考为获得一般性"感觉经验"的手段,其次临床法遵从的"直接从个别走向一般"的研究进路与现象学开辟的"直接与本质相遇"的道路相呼应,因此可以视为一种典型的质性研究方法。与一般科学实验相比,临床法还具有研究样本少、把握真理方式更加直接的独特优势。对于教育技术研究而言,临床法不仅在方法论层面为其提供了一种通达真理的路径,而且丰富了教育研究方法的宝库,以及为教育理论与教育实践的有效融合架起了桥梁。

Piaget’s"clinical method",which was proposed for epistemological research,not only promotes the revolutionary development of philosophical epistemology,but also brings out the well-known theory of children’s cognitive development stage.However,the clinical method is controversial due to its inconformity with the evaluation criteria of"strict experiments"in scientific psychology,which is in fact caused by the superficial interpretation only at the operational level of clinical method.Therefore,only by understanding this method from the methodological level can we dig out the vitally important value of the clinical method.From the methodological perspective,clinical method is a foremost means that Piaget inherits from Kant’s thinking on epistemological issues to obtain a general"feeling experience".Besides,the research approach of"directly going from individual to general"of clinical method corresponds to the way of"directly encountering with essence"proposed by phenomenology.Therefore,the clinical method can be regarded as a typical qualitative research method.Compared with general scientific experiments,clinical method has the unique advantages including fewer research samples and a more direct way of grasping the truth.In terms of educational technology research,clinical method can not only provide a path to truth at the methodological level,but also enrich the content of educational research methods and build a bridge for the effective integration of educational theory and educational practice.