赫鲁晓夫时期苏联第三世界政策的演变:从积极介入到受挫保守(1953-1964)

The Evolution of the Soviet Union’s Policies towards the Third World Countries during the Term of Khrushchev:from Active Intervention to Frustrated Conservatism(1953-1964)

赫鲁晓夫执政时期,苏联的外交政策发生了重大变化。赫鲁晓夫对社会主义制度优越性笃信不移。为了推广苏联社会主义模式、扩大苏联在新兴独立国家中的影响、与美国争夺世界霸权,赫鲁晓夫执政后一改斯大林对民族解放运动的冷漠态度,以经济和军事援助作为主要的政策手段,积极支持亚非拉地区的民族解放斗争,帮助新生政权捍卫独立地位和发展国民经济。赫鲁晓夫对第三世界的政策分为前后两个时期。前期,苏联对第三世界的革命活动充满信心,满怀热情,积极介入南亚、东南亚、中东、西非、北非和拉美地区的事务。后期,受古巴导弹危机和中苏关系恶化等因素的影响,赫鲁晓夫的第三世界政策受到挫折,其热情呈现下降趋势。分析该时期苏联的第三世界政策,可以看出,其主要是出于意识形态和国家利益等方面的考虑。赫鲁晓夫开启了苏联介入第三世界事务的进程,为其后的苏联外交政策奠定了基础。

During the term of Khrushchev,the Soviet Union’s foreign policies had undergone major changes.Khrushchev believed in the superiority of the socialist system.In order to promote the Soviet socialist model,expand the influence of the Soviet Union on emerging independent countries,and compete with the United States for world supremacy,Khrushchev changed Stalin’s indifferent attitude toward the national liberation movement after taking office,actively supported the struggle for national liberation in Asia,Africa and Latin America,and helped the new regime defend the independence and develop the national economy by means of economic and military assistance.Khrushchev’s policies towards the third world countries were divided into two periods.In the early stage,the Soviet Union was full of confidence and enthusiasm for the revolutionary activities of the third world countries and actively participated in the affairs of South Asia,Southeast Asia,the Middle East,West Africa,North Africa and Latin America.In the later period,affected by factors such as the Cuban missile crisis and the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations,Khrushchev’s policies towards the third world countries suffered setbacks and the enthusiasm showed a downward trend.The Soviet Union’s policies towards the third world countries during this period were mainly due to ideological and national interests.Khrushchev started the process of Soviet intervention in third world affairs and laid the foundation for future Soviet foreign policies.