金属材料3D打印技术研究进展

Research progress of 3D printing technology for metallic materials

根据3D打印成形原理,将金属材料3D打印工艺分为粉末床熔融、定向能量沉积、粘合剂喷射、材料喷射、薄材叠层5类,重点介绍了各工艺下主要技术的基本原理、优缺点、应用领域及进展。最后对比了几种主流3D打印技术,指出SLM和EBM已成为粉末床熔融工艺的主流,适合做小型超复杂整体构件;定向能量沉积工艺使用激光、电子束和电弧作为能量源将材料同步熔化沉积,加工效率高,适合做大型高性能整体构件;粘合剂喷射技术因生产成本低、周期短,在需要快速制造铸件的制造行业中具有应用潜力。并对金属材料3D打印发展方向进行了展望。

According to the principle of 3D printing,the 3D printing process of metallic materials can be divided into five categories:powder bed fusion,directed energy deposition,binder jetting,material jetting,and sheet lamination. The basic principles,advantages and disadvantages,application fields and progress of the main technologies under various processes are introduced. Finally,several mainstream 3D printing technologies are compared,and it is pointed out that SLM and EBM have become the mainstream of powder bed fusion process and are suitable for small and super-complex monolithic components;directed energy deposition technology uses laser,electron beam or arc as energy sources to melt and deposit materials synchronously,which has high processing efficiency and is suitable for large and high-performance integral components. The binder jetting has a potential application in the manufacturing industry which needs rapid casting manufacturing because of its low production cost and short cycle. The development trend of 3D printing of metal materials is prospected.