作为否定的解放:马尔库塞的批判理论及其逻辑归宿

Liberation as Negation:Marcuse’s Critical Theory and Its Logical Conclusion

马尔库塞似乎具有多重面孔,这容易使人误以为他的批判理论只是一个理论杂烩,而忽略其自身的整体性和创造性。实际上,马尔库塞的批判理论存在一个明显的、统一的主题,这就是人的解放,其哲学基础是否定性理论。通过对黑格尔否定哲学的阐发,马尔库塞将哲学的批判性和理想性赋予社会批判理论。然而,由于强调理论对实践的优先性,马尔库塞误把理论推理的因果效用夸大为改造社会的力量,其逻辑归宿必然是乌托邦。但马尔库塞的乌托邦是一种希望的乌托邦,而不是绝望的乌托邦,其积极意义在于坚持对现存秩序进行哲学批判。可以预言,只要对人性的压制依然存在,只要人的自由和潜能没有最后实现,马尔库塞的“解放的幽灵”仍会继续游荡。

Marcuse seems to possess multi-faces,which makes it easy to be misconceived as a theoretical amalgam,thus ignoring its own integrity and creativity.Actually,Marcuse’s critical theory encompasses an obvious and united theme,which is liberation of the individual,and its philosophical foundation is the theory of negativity.Through elaborating Hegel’s negative philosophy,Marcuse endowed the sociocritical theory with both critical feature and idealistic feature.However,due to the emphasis of primacy of theory over practice,Marcuse exaggerated the power of theoretical inference to be a power of social reform,and its logical conclusion must be utopia.But Marcuse’s utopia is an utopia of hope instead of despair and its active significance lies in persevering in the philosophical critique of the existing order.So,provided that there is repression of human nature,and human freedom and potentials not fulfilled in the end,Marcuse’s“specter of liberation”will be still haunting.