新中国成立以来的反贫困历程及基本经验

The Process and Basic Experience of Anti-poverty since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China

回顾新中国成立以来的反贫困历程,可以发现,关于致贫原因的认识、反贫困的政策以及反贫困的动力抉择都在不断演化,对致贫原因的认识经历了由制度致贫到体制束缚致贫、再到落后生产生活条件致贫、最后到多维因素致贫的变迁;反贫困主要政策方式由救济式扶贫转向体制变革带动扶贫、再到开发式扶贫、最后到精准扶贫;反贫困动力从制度革命调整生产关系切换为体制变革激发市场活力、再到扶贫开发促进贫困地区经济发展、最后到精准帮扶激发贫困人口的内生动力。新中国成立以来的反贫困工作成效卓著,总结其基本经验,主要有:坚持一切从实际出发,适时调整减贫政策;坚持以发展促脱贫,最大化市场减贫效应;构建综合扶贫体系,合力进行多维帮扶;激发贫困人口的内生动力、提升其自我发展能力等。

Looking back at the anti-poverty process since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, we can see that the understanding of the causes of poverty, anti-poverty policies, and anti-poverty motivational options have continuously evolved. The understanding of the causes of poverty has undergone changes from institutions to system constraints, to backward production and living conditions, and finally to multidimensional factors. The main anti-poverty policies have also shifted from relief-type poverty alleviation to institutional reform, then to development-type poverty alleviation, and finally to targeted poverty alleviation. The driving force of anti-poverty shifted from institutional revolution to adjust production relations to institutional change to stimulate market vitality, then to promote economic development in poor areas, and finally to precision assistance to stimulate the endogenous power of the poor. Since the founding of the People’s Republic, the anti-poverty work has achieved outstanding achievements, its basic experience can be summarized as insisting on starting from reality and adjusting poverty reduction policies in timely,insisting on promoting poverty alleviation through development, maximizing market poverty reduction effects,establishing a comprehensive poverty alleviation system and jointly provide multi-dimensional assistance,stimulating the endogenous motivation of the poor to enhance their self-development capabilities.