化肥减施处理对茶园土壤养分及茶叶品质的影响

Effects of different fertilization application reduction methods on tea garden soil nutrient and tea quality

【目的】探索云南省勐海县典型人工台地茶园的化肥减施增效技术模式,为指导茶农科学合理施肥及提高肥料利用率提供参考依据。【方法】设复合肥处理(T1)、减施30%化肥+土壤改良处理(T2)、控释肥替代30%化肥处理(T3)和有机肥替代30%化肥处理(T4)4个处理,每处理3次重复,共计12个试验小区,进行为期两年的试验,测定土壤pH和全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷和速效钾含量,并记录茶叶品质和产量。【结果】与T1处理相比,T2处理的土壤pH提高12.96%;T3处理的土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷和速效钾含量提升最高,其增幅分别为22.63%、15.79%、13.95%、51.72%和28.34%,与T1处理间均达显著差异水平(P<0.05,下同);T4处理的土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量显著增加,增幅分别为10.94%、13.50%、18.42%和21.43%,其他土壤养分虽略有增加,但未达显著水平(P>0.05)。不同施肥措施下的茶园土壤肥力综合指数(IFI)表现为:T3处理(0.6749)>T4处理(0.6092)>T2处理(0.5677)>T1处理(0.5468)。2019年T3和T4处理的春季茶叶产量(224.06和211.23 kg/ha)显著高于其他处理,T4处理的茶叶茶多酚、氨基酸和咖啡碱含量均高于其他处理,较T1处理分别增加14.34%、36.41%和28.00%,故T4处理的茶叶品质最优。【结论】相对于复合施肥处理,其他3种替施处理对提升茶园土壤肥力和提高茶叶品质均有一定效果,其中控释肥替代30%化肥处理对提升茶园土壤养分肥力效果最优,而有机肥替代30%化肥施肥处理对提高茶叶产量和品质的效果最佳。

【Objective】To explore the technical model of reducing fertilizer and increasing efficiency of typical artificial terrace tea gardens in Menghai County,Yunnan and provide reference for guiding tea farmers to scientifically and rationally fertilize and improve fertilizer utilization.【Method】This study set four different treatments:compound chemical fertilizer treatment(T1),reduction of 30%fertilizer+soil improvement treatment(T2),controlled release fertilizer replacement of 30%chemical fertilizer treatment(T3)and organic fertilizer replacement of 30%fertilizer treatment(T4).Each treatment was set up three repeats,and a total of 12 test plots were tested for two years.The contents of soil pH,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,available phosphorus and available potassium were detected and the tea quality and yield in each treatment were recorded.【Result】Compared with T1 treatment,the soil pH under T2 treatment increased by 12.96%;the total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,available phosphorus and available potassium in soil under T3 treatment increased the most,with an increase of 22.63%,15.79%,13.95%,51.72%and 28.34%respectively,all showed significant differences compared with T1 treatment(P<0.05,the same below).The soil organic matter,total nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium content increased significantly under T4 treatment,with the increase of 10.94%,13.50%,18.42%and 21.43%respectively,other soil nutrients increased slightly but did not reach significant levels(P>0.05).The tea garden soil fertility index(IFI)under different fertilization measures was:T3 treatment(0.6749)>T4 treatment(0.6092)>T2 treatment(0.5677)>T1 treatment(0.5468).Tea yield under T3 treatment(224.06 kg/ha)and T4 treatment(211.23 kg/ha)was significantly higher than other treatments in spring of 2019.Soils were sampled on the 15^th of February,April,August and December in 2017 and April,August,October and December in 2018,and soil pH,organic matter,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium contents were detected.Total nitrogen,total phosphorus and total potassium contents of soil samples in February and August in 2017 and June and December in 2018 were also detected.【Conclusion】Compared with compound fertilization treatment,the other three different treatments have certain effects on improving soil fertility and improving tea quality in tea gardens.Controlled release fertilizer replacement of 30%chemical fertilizer treatment(T3)has the best effect on improving soil fertility in tea garden,while organic fertilizer replacement of 30%fertilizer treatment(T4)has the best effect on improving tea yield and quality.