私刻公章与被代理人责任

Fake Seal and the Responsibility of Principal

私刻公章的情节不足以排除被代理人责任。在"容忍代理"和"表象代理"的情形,私刻公章对证成授权表象有意义,授权表象与被代理人的可归责性共同促成被代理人承担有权代理责任,被代理人因"自己责任"原则而担责。在《民法总则》第172条规定的"没有代理权""超越代理权""代理权终止后"三种情形,亦即代理权"外有内无""外大内小""外存内亡"三种情形,被代理人与相对人之间已经存在授权关系,仅凭该授权关系足以使代理行为的效果归属于被代理人,认定被代理人责任无需考虑私刻公章的情形。私刻公章案型成为疑难案件,与我国代理法体系建构的理论选择有关。

The circumstance of fake seal could not exclude the liability of principal. In the cases of"duldungsvollmacht"and"anscheinsvollmacht",the circumstance of fake seal is meaningful for the apparent authorization. The apparent authorization and the imputability of the principal jointly induce the principal to assume an authorized agency responsibility secondary to the the principle of"auto-responsibility". In the three cases of"with no power of agency","beyond the scope of the power of agency"and"after the power of the agency has expired"stipulated in Article 172 of the General Provisions of Civil Law,there already exists the relationship of authorization between the principal and the third part. By virtue of this relationship of authorization,the principal should assume an authorized agency responsibility,while the circumstance of fake seal should not be taken into consideration. Cases concerning fake seal has become hard cases,originating from the theoretical choice of Chinese agency law system.