民事执行担当研究--以执行程序中形式当事人的类型化适用为中心

On the Representative Enforcement( Vollstreckungsstandschaft) : Centering on Typical regulation of Formal Parties in Chinese Civil Enforcement

申请执行的非实体权利归属主体构成执行程序的形式当事人,但执行当事人适格的判断,既涉及执行力的形式外观,也涉及实体正当性,需要结合适用类型予以限定,以避免对债务人双重执行。参照大陆法系"执行担当"的学说、判例以及我国实务情况,可以根据当事人、主文两项执行依据的记载要素加以判断:诉讼担当人申请执行原则上合法,股东代表诉讼的股东虽然可以启动执行,但无权受领给付;代表人诉讼的当事人执行被代表人利益目前并不适宜;对于让与未构成诉讼担当时的当事人申请执行,则可能丧失实体适格,但可以通过与受让人约定保留"收取"权能以补正。在"执行担当"与"承继执行"形成债权竞争关系时,须限定受让人举证权的同时完善诉讼救济。

Formal Parties in Civil Enforcement,when Claimants without material rights apply for Civil Enforcement to others’ benefit,face oppostion to material-related rightness( Sachlegitimation) and then need restriction through Typical regulation to avoid double Enforcement,although Parties in Civil Enforcement are primarily related to formal representation of Enforceability. Referring to the Representative Enforcement( Vollstreckungsstandschaft) theory,jurisdiction in civil law system as well as Chinese current legislation,two essential elements( parties and tenor) could be used in our judgments: Parties from representative action by assignment or by statutory assignment permissible are usually permissible,however,such as Shareholders from shareholders Representative Action could initiate enforcement as Formal Parties on one hand,but Payment shall be made to the company on the other hand. Parties from Representative Action or Group Litigation is at present not suitable for initiating Enforcement beyond their own interest. When the Transfer does not take place in litigation,on the contrary,Formal Parties may lost material-related rightness,so opposition by Obligor will be supported,unless Debt Collection Agreement( Einziehungsermchtigung) was done between new and previous Creditor( assignee and assignor) and then Formal Parties( assignor) could also be regarded as proper parties with Sachlegitimation. At last,when collision between claimed Creditor occurs,limited proof in Enforcement for assignee and litigation relief should be guaranteed.