地龙的本草考证及现代研究概况

Herbal Textual Research and Modern Analysis of Pheretima

地龙药用历史悠久,始载于《神农本草经》,被列为下品,原名蚯蚓,别名有土龙、曲蟮等。2015年版《中国药典》收载了广地龙与沪地龙2个品种,但由于地龙品种众多,市面上存在混有非药典收载科属地龙的现状。笔者在系统翻阅古今文献的基础上,对地龙的名称、基原、产地分布、道地产区、采收时间及炮制方法等方面进行考证。通过分析各类本草古籍和现代研究文献及其附图后,发现古籍中所提的"蚯蚓""白颈蚯蚓"是环毛蚓属的统称,古代药用蚯蚓可能为广地龙一类;古人认为白颈蚯蚓为质量较好的药用药材,与现代研究发现广地龙药材质量较土地龙好的观点相同。古今文献对地龙产地的记载较为一致,但由于环境的变化,野生地龙产量减少,现地龙输出以人工养殖为主。古时采收应尽量在春、夏、秋季,现代最佳采收时间是秋季。不同年代、地域流行的地龙炮制方法有所不同,应注重遵循和传承古法炮制,并结合现代研究技术,制定地龙炮制的量化标准,使地龙药材得到全面有效的应用。该文可为地龙的正本清源、资源开发、临床使用、道地产区及炮制方法确定等提供依据。

Pheretima has a long history of medication,its original name was earthworm,and it was first recorded in Shennong Bencaojing,which was listed as inferior product.In the 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia,two varieties of Pheretima were included.However,due to the variety of Pheretima,there are mixed non-pharmacopoeia collection of Pheretima family status.Based on the systematic review of ancient and modern literature,this paper conducts herbal textual research on Pheretima in terms of name,origin,distribution of origin,genuine production area,harvesting time,processing methods,etc.Based on the analysis of various ancient books and modern research documents of herbal medicine and their accompanying drawings,it is found that the Pheretima and white-necked Pheretima mentioned in ancient books are the general names of the genus Pheretima.The ancient people thought that white-necked Pheretima was a good medicinal material,which was the same as the opinion that Guangdilong was better in quality than Tudilong in modern research.In ancient and modern literature,the origin of earthworm is relatively consistent,but due to the change of environment,the output of wild Pheretima is reduced,and now the output of Pheretima is mainly artificial breeding.In ancient times,harvesting should be as far as possible in spring,summer and autumn.However,in modern times,the best harvest time is autumn.Different processing methods of earthworm in different ages and regions are different.Attention should be paid to following and inheriting the ancient processing methods,combining with modern research techniques,the quantitative standard of processing of Pheretima should be formulated,so that Pheretima medicinal materials can be applied comprehensively and effectively.This research provides the basis for the original source,resource development,correct use,genuine producing area and processing method determination of Pheretima.