论网络间谍活动的规制——以《塔林手册》为视角

On the Regulation of Cyber Espionage:From the Perspective of Tallinn Manual

2013年,美国中央情报局前雇员斯诺登曝光"棱镜计划",揭露政府监控公民私密信息和网络行动,并宣称"美国政府多年前就开始对中国发起网络攻击,窃取秘密信息"。此后,他又曝光美国的"黑袋行动"。在此行动中,中情局人员悄悄闯入目标范围,入侵美国国家安全局难以遥控攻击的电脑系统,完成"棱镜"项目和其他窃听不能完成的工作。这种行为是典型的间谍行为。网络间谍行为有其特殊性,包括归责性判断难,形式上往往采用复制的方式,使得被复制的国家浑然不知,间谍行为者往往在境外实施行动等。因为存在如此多的特点,所以现有的国际法适用于网络间谍时会遇到一些障碍。更何况,现有的国际法对规制间谍行为本身就不是很充分。因此,有必要在国际社会层面就此进行相应的国际立法工作。

In 2013,Snowden,the former employee of the US Central Intelligence Agency,exposed the"Prism Project",through which he pointed out that the US government had been monitoring private information and network operations of citizens,and declared that"the US government began launching cyber attacks on China many years ago to steal secret information."Since then,he has exposed the"Black Bag Operation"of the United States.In this operation,the CIA personnel quietly broke into the target range,to invade the computer system of the National Security Agency that was difficult to remotely attack,and completed the"prism project"and other work that could not be completed by eavesdropping.This behavior is a typical spy behavior.Cyber espionage has peculiar characteristics,including difficult judgment of blame.The form of copying is often used to make the copied country unaware,and spy actors often carry out actions abroad.Due to the various characteristics of cyber espionage,there are some obstacles when applying existing international law to cyber espionage.What’s more,the existing international law is not enough to regulate espionage itself.Therefore,it is necessary to carry out corresponding international legislative work at the level of the international community.