新冠肺炎疫情对供应链影响的实证研究

The Impacts of COVID-19 on the Supply Chain

突兀而来的新冠肺炎疫情,使政府不得不采取隔离措施控制疫情的扩散。由于大量企业采用离岸生产、外包生产以及精益生产JIT库存管理模式,隔离给全球供应链带来了巨大影响,如韩国现代因为来自我国的零部件短缺而暂时停产、苹果推迟新产品发布等。文章通过问卷调研以及对代表性企业的访谈,分析疫情对于不同企业供应链的影响以及有效的供应链管理应对手段。通过研究对比企业规模、信息化程度、劳动力密集程度、行业、内贸与外贸等五个因素对企业供应链的短期及中长期时间跨度的影响,发现信息化程度与劳动力密集程度在短期内对企业供应链有显著影响。在供应链管理方面,发现企业通过强化设计、稳定供应商、靠近供应商聚集地布局且多源采购以及发展多点生产网络、加强供应链信息透明性、共享员工等措施,减轻了疫情的不利影响。文章认为,疫情之后企业供应链将会更加关注数字化转型、共享经济模式在企业的应用,以及重视供应链网络建设和稳定型供应商关系的发展。此外,疫情初期救援物资管理的混乱,将使得社会重视供应链管理在救援物资管理中的作用。

The outbreak of coronavirus disease(COVID-19)has forced the government to adopt quarantine to control the spread of the epidemic.Due to the large number of companies adopting the JIT inventory management model in offshore production,outsourcing production,and lean production,isolation has had a huge impact on the global supply chain.For example,Hyundai Korea temporarily suspended production due to a shortage of parts from China,and Apple delayed its release of new products.So what impact does the pandemic have on the supply chains of Chinese enterprises,especially SMEs?What changes and trends will there be in company’s supply chain and supply chain management in the future?Through questionnaires and interviews with representative companies,this paper analyzes the impacts of the pandemic on the supply chains of different companies and effective supply chain management responses.Using five factors-enterprise-scale,informatization degree,labor intensity,industry,domestic trade,and foreign trade-the study compares the impacts on a company’s supply chain in the short,medium and long term.The study finds that the informatization degree and labor intensity have a significant impact on corporate supply chains in the short term.In terms of supply chain management,we find that enterprises have reduced influence from the pandemic by the following means:strengthening design,stabilizing suppliers,arranging near-supplier locations and multi-source procurement,developing multi-point production networks,strengthening supply chain information transparency,and sharing employees.After the pandemic,we believe that corporate supply chains will pay more attention to digital transformation,applying the sharing economy models to enterprises,building a supply chain network and developing stable supplier relationships.In addition,the chaos of rescue supplies management in the early stage of the pandemic will make society aware of the importance of supply chain management in the management of rescue supplies.