摘要
【目的】研究不同氮肥类型下缓释氮肥与尿素掺混对3个不同冬小麦品种生长发育、干物质累积量、产量、氮素转运、吸收利用效率以及土壤硝态氮残留的影响,探索适宜提高陕西关中地区冬小麦产量的氮肥配比,为该地冬小麦高效生产的肥料管理提供科学依据。【方法】本试验设置了4个氮肥处理,分别为纯尿素(U)、纯缓释氮肥(S)、缓释氮肥与尿素8∶2掺混(SU1)、缓释氮肥与尿素6∶4掺混(SU2),施氮量为180kg/hm2;以不施氮肥(N0)为对照。选取关中地区农民主栽的3个冬小麦品种[小偃22(XY22)、西农979(XN979)和郑麦379(ZM379)]为试材,每个品种设5个处理。观测冬小麦在主要生育期的株高和叶面积指数,并分析冬小麦成熟期的干物质累积量、产量、植株氮素累积量和土壤硝态氮残留量。【结果】施氮量相等时,缓释氮肥与尿素掺施能显著促进冬小麦生长发育,增加冬小麦的产量和成熟期植株氮素累积量。SU2处理下不同冬小麦品种的株高、叶面积指数、产量和成熟期植株氮素累积量均达到最大值,且0—100 cm土层剖面硝态氮残留量最小。SU2处理下3个冬小麦品种的产量分别比U和S处理提高了31.81%~31.99%和9.66%~25.38%;营养器官的氮素向籽粒的转移率也分别提高了21.31%~51.12%和2.60%~20.78%。此外,缓释氮肥与尿素掺施能显著提高3个冬小麦品种的氮素吸收利用效率,显著促进开花后营养器官的氮素向籽粒转运,XY22、XN979和ZM379在SU处理下,冬小麦营养器官氮素转运对籽粒的贡献率分别为49.71%、48.32%和49.39%;在SU2处理下3个冬小麦品种的氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力均最大,分别为17.54和41.95 kg/kg、17.94和41.53kg/kg、11.32和38.56 kg/kg。冬小麦收获后,XY22在SU2处理下0—100 cm土层硝态氮的残留总量在3个品种中最小,为112.67 kg/hm2,比U处理下的硝态氮累积总量明显下降13.48%。这表明缓释氮肥与尿素掺施可以显著提高表层土壤硝态氮含量,减少硝态氮向土壤深层淋失,提高氮肥的利用效率。【结论】施氮量为180kg/hm2时,缓释氮肥与尿素按6∶4掺混是本试验条件下冬小麦高效生产的最佳掺施比例。
【Objectives】To explore the optimal blending ratio that is beneficial to increase the yield of winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain,Shaanxi,to provide a scientific basis for fertilizer management in efficient winter wheat production.【Methods】Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer and urea blending on the growth,yield,nitrogen uptake and utilization and soil nitrate nitrogen residue of three different winter wheat varieties under different nitrogen fertilizer types and blending ratios.There were four nitrogen fertilizer application treatments(U:urea,S:slow release nitrogen fertilizer,SU1∶a mixture of slow release nitrogen fertilizer and urea with N ratio of 8∶2 and SU2∶a mixture of slow release nitrogen fertilizer and urea with N ratio of 6∶4)in this experiment,and three winter wheat cultivars popularly planted by farmers in Guanzhong Plain,Xiaoyan 22(XY22),Xinong 979(XN979)and Zhengmai 379(ZM379).Plant height,leaf area index,dry mater accumulation,yield,nitrogen uptake and utilization and soil nitrate nitrogen residue of winter wheat were measured.180 kg/hm2 of nitrogen was applied in this research,and no nitrogen plot was designed as the control(CK).【Results】Slow-release nitrogen fertilizer and urea blending could significantly promote plant growth and increase crop yield,nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency of winter wheat.The plant height,leaf area index,yield and nitrogen accumulation at maturity stage of different winter wheat cultivars under SU2 treatment reached the maximum values,the cumulative amount of nitrate nitrogen in the 0–100 cm soil layer under SU2 treatment reached the minimum value simultaneously.Commpared to U and S treatment,the yields were 31.81%–31.99%and 9.66%–25.38%higher;and the N translocation rates were 21.31%–51.12%and 2.60%–20.78%higher under SU2 treatment,respectively.In addition,slow-release nitrogen fertilizer and urea blending markedly increased nitrogen uptake and use efficiency of three winter wheat cultivars,significantly promoted the transport of nitrogen from the vegetative organs to grains after flowering.Under SU treatment,the contribution rates of nitrogen transport to grain of XY22,XN979 and ZM379 were 49.71%,48.32%and 49.39%,respectively.The nitrogen agronomic use efficiency and partial factor productivity from applied N of XY22,XN979 and ZM379 under SU2 treatment reached their largest values,17.54 kg/kg and 41.95 kg/kg,17.94 kg/kg and 41.53 kg/kg,11.32 kg/kg and 38.56 kg/kg,respectively.The cumulative amount of nitrate nitrogen in the 0–100 cm soil layer of XY22 under SU2 treatment reached the minimum value of 112.67 kg/hm2 among the three varieties after harvest,which was 13.48%lower than that under U treatment,with a significant difference.Slowrelease nitrogen fertilizer and urea blending distinctly increased the content of nitrate nitrogen in surface soil at maturity stage,reduced nitrate leaching to deep soil,and improved nitrogen use efficiency.【Conclusion】These results demonstrate that a mixture of slow release nitrogen fertilizer and urea with N ratio of 6∶4 is the optimal blending ratio when 180 kg/hm2 of nitrogen is applied..
作者
张晨阳
张富仓
郭金金
刘翔
ZHANG Chen-yang;ZHANG Fu-cang;GUO Jin-jin;LIU Xiang(Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education,Northwest A&F University/Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China)
出处
《植物营养与肥料学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2020年第4期669-680,共12页
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC0403303)
农业部公益性行业科研专项(201503124)
教育部高等学校创新引智计划(B12007)。
关键词
缓释氮肥与尿素掺施
冬小麦品种
产量
氮素利用效率
土壤硝态氮
slow-release nitrogen fertilizer blending with urea
winter wheat cultviar
yield
nitrogen use efficiency
soil nitrate