马克思主义政治哲学视域中的生存权问题

The Right to Subsistence in the Perspective of Marxist Political Philosophy

对于生存权问题的切近回应与深入探析,是当前政治哲学研究需要思考的一项重要任务。在以霍布斯和洛克为坐标点的近现代政治哲学发展之初,生存权问题占有重要地位。但在洛克基础上发展起来的两种政治哲学,即以所有权的合法性和分配的公正性为根本主题的正义理论以及以"自我决定""自我立法"和"有限政府"为根本观念的权界理论中,生存权问题却发生了难以逆转的衰萎。不过,在马克思政治哲学的叙事中,这个问题又再一次凸显出来。从思想史角度来看,马克思是在深度介入洛克之后政治哲学的理论逻辑,并从中打开新的突破口的基础上,落脚于生存权问题的。一种政治哲学理论是否包含生存权问题,在很大意义上取决于这种理论是否将"人"放在核心地位,或者是否以"人"为目的。当前政治哲学研究介入生存权及相关问题的意义,不仅仅在于能够获得一个新视角和新基点,更在于由此开辟出一条"以人为本"的理论逻辑。

It is an important task for political philosophy to make immediate response and in-depth analysis of the right to subsistence.At the beginning of the development of modern political philosophy with Hobbes and Locke as the coordinates,the issue of the right to subsistence occupies an important position.However,in the two political philosophies developed on the basis of Locke,namely,the theory of justice with the fundamental theme of the legitimacy of ownership and the fairness of distribution,and the power theory with the essential concepts of"self-determination","self legislation"and"limited government",the issue of the right to subsistence has experienced an irreversible decline,which is once again highlighted in Marx’s political philosophy.From the perspective of intellectual history,Marx focuses on this issue on the basis of deep involvement in the theoretical logic of Locke’s political philosophy and making breakthroughs.Whether the political philosophy theory contains the issue of the right to subsistence is largely depends on whether it puts"human"at the core or aims for"human".At present,the significance of the involvement of political philosophy in the related issues like the right to subsistence is not only a new perspective and starting point,but also the"people-oriented"theoretical logic.