康德的实践教育学:在“理想”与“科学”之间

Kant’s Practical Pedagogy: between “Science” and “Ideal”

康德是伟大的教育学家,他的教育学对后世产生了深远的影响。在康德那里,就教育学的性质而言,教育学是基于实践哲学的实践教育学,没有实践哲学作为根基,也就没有教育学的存在。这一实践教育学又在"理想"与"科学"之间。教育学是"理想",主要体现在康德基于人的所有向善禀赋的完全实现上,而这一实现又只能通过"类的教育"而不能通过"个别的教育",由此康德的教育学具有了一种世界主义的理想色彩。教育学是"科学",主要体现在康德对教育实验、教育方法论的强调,以及对机械的教育学说的批判当中。不过,康德的整全的"人性观"又使得他的"科学"不是严格的"实验科学"。

Kant is a great educationist whose pedagogy has a profound influence on later generations. In Kant’s view,pedagogy is a practical pedagogy based on the philosophy of practice in terms of its nature. Without practical philosophy as its foundation,there would be no pedagogy. This practical pedagogy is between"science"and"ideal". Pedagogy is"ideal",which is mainly reflected in the complete realization of all the goodness endowments of human beings by Kant. However,this realization can only be achieved through"kind education’rather than"individual education". Thus,Kant’s pedagogy has an ideal color of cosmopolitanism. Pedagogy is"science",which is mainly reflected in Kant’s emphasis on educational experiment and educational methodology,as well as his criticism of mechanical pedagogy. However,Kant’s whole view of human nature makes his"science"not a strict"experimental science".