1型糖尿病的发病机制

Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes

1型糖尿病是一种因多种因素致胰岛β细胞破坏,最终导致胰岛素分泌减少和高血糖为特征的自身免疫性疾病。1型糖尿病以青少年和儿童为主要发病人群,且发病率在全球范围内逐步上升。目前公认的病因为在遗传及环境因素共同作用下,由T细胞免疫介导的胰岛β细胞破坏。胰岛β自身免疫破坏过程历时数月到数年,期间患者没有症状及高血糖,但相关自身抗体可以阳性,当胰岛β细胞破坏到一定程度时,糖尿病症状出现。该文将从基因、肠道病毒及肠道菌群等方面简要阐述其和1型糖尿病易感性的关系,进而为探寻1型糖尿病未来可能的预防及治疗方案提供新的方向。

Type 1 diabetes(T1D)is and organ-specific autoimmune disease resulting from immune-mediated loss of pancreatic beta cells leading to insulin deficiency and hypoglycemia.It is the most common form of diabetes in children,and its incidence is on the rise.The etiology of T1D is hypothesized to involve genetic and environmental factors that result in the T-cell mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells.The process usually progresses over a period of many months to years,during which period patients are asymptomatic and euglycemic,but positive for relevant autoantibodies.Symptomatic hyperglycemia and frank diabetes occurs after a long latency period,which reflects the large percentage of beta cells that need to be destroyed before overt diabetes become evident.We here will present genetic,enterovirus and gut microbiome factors that affect the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes,which may help detect possible prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes in the future.