公章抗辩的类型与处理

Types of Official Seal Defenses and Corresponding Processing

公章的意义在于使特定的意思表示与特定的主体相联结,是书面法律行为的重要标识方式。因经济活动中存在真公章无权使用和假公章冒用等现象,公章名义人因此或借此对公章真假及使用效力提出抗辩。但实践中对公章效力的判定却常有偏差,其重要原因之一就是对公章抗辩缺乏系统有效的处理规则。公章抗辩包括公章确认抗辩和公章效力抗辩,公章效力抗辩又可分为真公章效力抗辩和假公章效力抗辩。不同类型的公章抗辩在抗辩事由、举证责任等方面,均有不同的规则内容与处理要点。实务中对公章抗辩的处理与认定,应当有效把握不同公章抗辩类型的基本规则与特殊情形,并妥当辨识及运用公章效力与表见代理或表见代表之间的互证关系。

The significance of an official seal is to connect a specific declaration of will to a specific subject.It is an important method of identification of written juristic act.In a case of unauthorized use of a genuine official seal or the fraudulent use of a fake official seal in economic activities,the nominal person of an official seal may raise a defense against the authenticity or the effect of the use of an official seal.In practice,however,there are misunderstandings of the effect of an official seal and one of the important reasons for these misunderstandings is the lack of a set of systematic and effective rules to process the official seal defenses.The official seal defenses include defenses against the authenticity of official seals and defenses against the effect of using official seals.The latter can be further divided into defenses against the effect of using genuine official seals and defenses against the effect of using fake official seals.Different types of official seal defenses have different rules and key points to be processed in terms of the defense ground and the burden of proof.In the processing and determination of official seal defenses in practice,a judge should effectively grasp the basic rules and special circumstances of different types of official seal defenses,and appropriately identify and employ the mutual confirmation relationship between the effect of official seals and apparent agency or apparent representation.