教化与信仰——汉代忠孝信仰与画像石图像表达

Education and Belief:Discussion on The Loyalty-and-Filial-Piety Belief and Its Image Representation in Han Dynasty

忠孝,是中国传统社会的核心精神信仰。孝,本为一种家庭伦理,在秦汉以后大一统皇权体制之下被拓展为君臣上下之忠。忠孝一方面是作为汉代国家意识形态而存在的,国家用政治、法律、教育、教化等手段在全社会推广忠孝伦理准则,忠孝伦理成为“家国同构”或家国一体化的内在支柱,在国家层面与社会(主要以家族和宗族为表现形态)层面得到有效的推行。忠孝在国家教化层面之外还有一个发展的空间,即在民间信仰空间中忠孝是一种当世的善行,是作为人死后升仙的必备条件存在的。在汉代流行的神仙信仰系统里,忠孝是现实道德考评与死后升仙品格的重要标准。在国家意识与民间信仰的共同影响下,汉代的忠孝画像石,既体现着国家的教化职能,又鲜活地描绘出墓主一生尽行忠孝之善而升仙的生命信仰。

Loyalty and filial piety were the core spirits in traditional China. Filial piety was basically family ethic. It was changed to be loyalty between emperor and minister after Qin-Han dynasties. On one hand, loyalty and filial piety existed as the national ideology of Han dynasty. They were promoted in the whole society by the means of politics, law and education to be the inner support of intergradations of family and nation. On the other hand, loyalty and filial piety had a much larger development space which was folk Taoism. In the system of folk Taoism, they were the important standards of moral assessment and necessary conditions to become immortals after death. With the influence of above-mentioned national ideology and folk belief, the loyalty-and-filial-piety pictorial carved stones of Han embodied both national education and immortal belief.