新中国70年民族语言教育政策分析

Analysis of Ethnic Language-education Policies in 70 years Since 1949

本研究基于对新中国70年民族教育政策的数量统计和内容分析,从价值取向层面将我国民族语言教育政策的发展分为突出少数民族语言平等权利的探索奠基期(1949-1965年)、强调语言标准的规范形成期(1977-1999年)和注重多元并存的体系建设期(2000-2018年)三个主要阶段,具有始终维护和保障少数民族语言的平等权利、着力坚持民族语和国家通用语的共同发展、积极探索"民、汉、外"三语教学的协调发展等特征。在各时期民族语言教育政策的规范和引导下,我国民族语言教育逐步建立了从以民族语教育为主、汉语教育为辅的双轨制过渡到国家通用语教育与民族语教育并存、外语教育协调发展的语言教育多元体系。70年来我国民族语言教育政策取得了历史性成绩,但受限于我国多民族多语言和区域发展不平衡的现实条件,体制和机制上仍存在着不健全、不完善、不科学等诸多现实问题,亟待通过构建统筹协调的民族语言教育规划机制、完善科学联动的民族语言教育决策系统和建设规范有效的民族语言教育管理体系来加以改进和完善。

Based on the analysis of statistics and contents of ethnic language-education policies in 70 years after the founding of the People’s Republic,this study divides the development of the ethnic languageeducation policies into three periods like the policy foundation period( 1949-1965),the normative formation period( 1977-1999) and the system construction period( 2000-2018) from the aspect of value orientation,respectively with the characteristics of protecting the equal rights of languages for ethnic minorities,sticking to the common development of the national lingua franca and ethnic languages and actively exploring the coordinated development of Chinese,languages for ethnic minorities and foreign languages. Under the guidance of language-education policies for nationalities in various periods,Chinese national language education has gradually established a multi-language system,from the dual-track system with the language education ethnic for minorities as the main part and national lingua franca as the auxiliary part,to the system in which the national lingua franca education coexists with the ethnic language education and the foreign language education. In the past 70 years,the ethnic language education policies in our country have achieved great achievements,but subject to the fact of the imbalance of multi-languages and regional development,there are still many practical problems such as imperfections in terms of systems and mechanisms. Therefore,it is urgent to take measures in ethnic language education,such as constructing a coordinated mechanism,improving a scientific decision-making system and constructing a standardized management system.