演绎推理的形式和内容启动加工

The Pairing Relationship between Belief and Logic in Deductive Inference

聚焦推理加工初期,研究通过指导语操控主观加工倾向,考察不同指导语条件下内容可信度和形式有效性对演绎推理结果的影响,检验内容和形式两类加工过程的启动加工动态变化性。结果表明,指导语条件显著影响推理初期加工。在无提示指导语和形式判定指导语条件下,推理结果受到了形式有效性和内容可信度的影响;内容判定指导语下只受到了内容可信度的影响。证明主观加工倾向影响了内容和形式的启动加工关系,支持了动态变化性的假设。

There are two different theoretical hypotheses predicting the relationship of pairing process between belief processing and logic processing in reasoning.The relationship of sequence processing is represented by Default-Interventionist Model,and the relationship of parallel processing is represented by Parallel Competition Models and Hybrid Model.However,these theoretical hypotheses are difficult to explain why the relationship of sequence processing and the relationship of parallel processing are both supported by empirical research,because they all focus on the phenomenon how to cooperate and transform between processing processes of the belief and the logic.Dual Structure Model of Item and Reasoner’s reasoning Knowledge hold that the reasoning process is a dynamic process with a variety of the object structure of reasoning item and the Reasoner’s subjective factors.Furthermore,it has been indirectly found that the object structure of reasoning has a dynamic effect on the cooperation of the two kinds of processing processes.The purpose of this study is to prove whether the reasoning subjective factors lead to the dynamic variability of the cooperation and transformation between the two types of processing processes,so that to verify whether there is variability in the relationship of pairing processing between the belief and the logic in reasoning.The experiment examines whether the process of belief and logic in the initial stage of reasoning cognition has speed-asymmetry of processing with the change of subjective directing.In this study,the subjective directing of reasoning is operated by instruction.Hence,focusing on the early stage of cognition,the experiment adopted a construction of 3(instruction:undefined,logic,belief)×2(belief:believable,unbelievable)×2(validity:valid,invalid)within-subjects design.Participants were asked to solve syllogistic reasoning according to the instructed requirements.Among three kinds of instructions,undefined instruction did not indicate the reasoning clue.Belief instruction required participants to judge reasoning based on knowledge and experience in the real world,and logic instruction required participants to determine whether there was a necessary relationship between premises and conclusion.The results showed that the instruction,validity and belief had significant effects on the acceptance of the conclusion.The interaction effects between instruction and validity as well as between instruction and belief were significant,and the interaction effect between instruction,validity and belief were both significant.Further analysis found that under the instruction of the undefined,the conclusion acceptance rate was affected by the interaction between logic and belief.Under the instruction of logic,the conclusion acceptance rate was affected by validity and belief.Under the instruction of belief,the conclusion acceptance rate was only affected by the belief.We can summarize that the reasoning processes of participants are different with the change of the instruction requirements in the initial process of reasoning cognition.Therefore,it shows that there is dynamic variability in the pairing processing of the belief and the logic in reasoning.Moreover,there are different processing relationships due to the change of subjective directing.We also believe that this result supports the prediction of Dual Structure Model of Item and Reasoner’s Reasoning Knowledge,where reasoning subject affects reasoning processes.