全球价值链分工对生态要素空间转移的影响——以iPhone6的水资源利用为例

Impacts of global value chain on spatial transfer of ecological elements:A case study of virtual water use for iPhone6

随着生产与贸易不断向全球化发展,经济活动对生态环境的影响已不限于单一地区内,而形成了牵一发而动全身的全局性问题。产品的全球价值链分工所引致的生态要素转移逐渐成为关乎国家资源安全、社会可持续发展的关键事宜。基于生态要素核算的思想,本文首次以典型高科技产品iPhone6为研究对象,基于其零部件价值拆解数据与全球供应商分布数据,运用混合多区域投入产出模型对其生产端所引起的水资源使用与转移进行了系统核算。主要结论包括:(1)总体上,生产每单位iPhone6需使用7371m^3水资源,其生产对全球水供应具有较强依赖性。(2)地区上,iPhone6中体现的虚拟水主要来自29个国家或地区,围绕亚洲与欧美经济体形成两大集中分布;从国家看,苹果公司所在地美国仅占总量的51.66%,其他国家中虚拟水贡献最高的是中国,占比为39.05%。(3)生产中,主要引起了中国-美国、中国-日本、菲律宾和马来西亚-新加坡等从发展中国家向发达国家的大规模虚拟水转移,体现出iPhone6分工对全球水资源"纳贫济富"的再分配作用。(4)产业布局上,iPhone6生产所涉及的经济体与经济部门的虚拟水体现强度均低于世界全部门平均水平,新兴智能产品呈现出相对高效的水资源生产力。根据结果分析,我国应基于自身发展中国家特点,在如iPhone6等高科技智能产品的生产中聚焦更为核心、资源环境友好的分工环节,或在相对非核心的分工中努力提高自身资源节约能力,落实产业结构与资源整合等方面的转型战略,以实现可持续发展目标。

With the globalization of production and trade,the impact of economic activities on ecological system is no longer a regional issue,but a matter of global importance.The transfer of ecological elements caused by the division of labor in global value chain(GVC)has gradually become a key issue related to the national resource security and social sustainable development.Based on the value disassembly and supplier distribution data of iPhone6,a hybrid multi-region input-output model is applied to the systematical calculation of virtual water use generated by its production.The results show that:(1)generally,7371 m3 of water resource is needed to produce an iPhone 6,whose production is strongly dependent on the global water supply.The components with largest water use in the manufacturing process are Main PCB,Cover Plate and Else,Display/Touchscreen Module.(2)Regionally,virtual water embodied in iPhone6 mainly roots from 29 countries or regions,while 24 of them are in Asia and Europe.The United States,where Apple Inc.is located,accounts for only 51.66%of total virtual water,while China accounts for 39.05%,being the largest contributor among other economies.(3)During production,the substantial amount of virtual water transfers from the developing countries to the developed countries,such as China-US,China-Japan,Philippines and Malaysia-Singapore,reflecting the role of iPhone6 GVC in global water resources redistribution.(4)In terms of environmental concern,the virtual water intensity of economies and economic sectors involved in iPhone6 GVC is lower than that of the world average,showing better water management awareness and ability.These findings reveal the impact of iPhone6 production on global water budget,and actors in GVC should pay joint efforts to achieve environmentally friendly and sustainable iPhone6 production.