涌泉根灌节水灌溉技术特点、应用及展望

Characteristics,application and prospects of bubbled-root irrigation

涌泉根灌是一种可以直接将水肥输送到作物根区进行局部灌溉的地下微灌技术,由于克服了其他微灌技术灌水器易堵塞、毛管易老化、对果林树灌水效率低等缺点,是一种节水、省工且水肥利用效率高的灌溉技术,在中国果树节水灌溉领域具有广阔的发展前景。该研究从涌泉根灌技术在节水灌溉技术应用中的特色出发,介绍了涌泉灌溉技术结构特点、工作原理、灌溉方式、布置形式、水力性能以及投入成本与运行管理等方面的特点,分析了涌泉根灌与传统微灌相比表现出的优势,探讨了该技术在田间水分利用、土壤水氮运移以及对作物生长发育和产量影响等方面的应用效果和研究进展,在总结对比前期研究取得进展基础上,提出了涌泉根灌技术存在田间试验单一、研究周期不连续、施肥条件下相关研究不足以及灌水器性能需改善等方面的问题,同时针对涌泉根灌技术存在的问题,明确了涌泉根灌灌水技术在灌水器性能改进、典型果树灌溉制度优化、土壤水氮运移与利用以及信息化与自动化管理等方面需进一步研究的方向,对于进一步完善涌泉根灌节水灌溉技术利用具有一定借鉴意义。

Bubbled-root irrigation is an efficient water saving technique for irrigation of fruit trees that has been used in China. It is a subsurface micro-irrigation technology that can directly deliver water and fertilizer to the crop root zone for local irrigation. This study reviewed the characteristics, application status of the bubbled-root irrigation technique and proposed its development directions. The structural characteristics, working principles, irrigation methods, layout, hydraulic performance, costs and operation management of bubbled-root irrigation technology were summarized. The advantages of bubbled-root irrigation compared with traditional micro-irrigation were discussed. In addition, the application effect of this technology in fields was reviewed. The problems and developmental direction were proposed. The bubbled-root irrigation was better than drip irrigation, micro-sprinkling irrigation, and underground seepage irrigation because it overcame the shortcoming of those irrigation technologies such as the emitter clogging, aging of pipelines and low water use efficiency for fruit trees. The bubbled-root irrigation in fruit trees could not only save water and labors but also improve water and fertilizer use efficiency. Compared to the drip irrigation, the bubbled-root irrigation could lower the cost by 2 030 Yuan/hm^2 and increase the benefit by 2 480 Yuan/hm^2. Because the pipelines were buried into the soils, the influence of operations on soil surface such as tillage was small and thus it facilitated the field management. Meanwhile, the soil moisture condition could be improved by inhibiting evaporation and preventing soils from hardening and cracking. The technique had high water use efficiency and could enhance the yield. However, it would face challenges such as less practices, irrigation system to be optimized, the performance of emitter to be optimized an so on. Attentions should paid to the following areas: 1) improving and optimizing the performance of the irrigation equipment;2) improving the level of informatization and automation management of bubbled root irrigation on the basis of the existing technology;3) improving the performance of irrigation devices;and 4) optimizing irrigation systems of typical fruit trees. The bubbled-root irrigation has been promoted and applied in the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi, China and has achieved remarkable results. The use of bubbled-root irrigation technology for jujube irrigation greatly saved water and fertilizer consumption, alleviated the pressure caused by the serious shortage of water resources in northern Shaanxi and effectively improved the water and fertilizer utilization rate. However, the promotion and application of this technology also had certain limitations. Future studies should test if the technique is suitable to the other areas since the soil types, topographic conditions and the types of fruit trees in the other regions may change. The review would provide valuable information for the cultivation of fruit trees with less water and high yield.