中国古代监察官员的选任制度及其当代启示

The Election and Appointment System of Supervisory Officials in Ancient China and Its Contemporary Enlightenment

监察官选任制度是监察制度设计中的重要内容,是影响监察权能否有效运行的重要因素。中国古代监察官员具有双重地位,不仅是具体实施监察活动的执行主体,而且也是国家治理体系与权力配置链条上最具关键性的角色。秦汉至明清君主对监察官的选任制度进行不断的探索,对其适用高标准的任用条件与特殊的任用程序以及严格的选任限制。古代监察官选任制度可以为当前监察体制改革提供某些宝贵的借鉴和启示:监察官员的选任标准与国家权力配置以及职业化的要求密切相关;监察官员的任用方式决定监察官员的独立性;全面细致的监察官选任限制是取得监察成效的重要保障。

The election and appointment system of supervisor is the important content in the design of supervision system,and also the important factors effecting the effective operation of supervisory power.The supervisory officials in ancient China had dual status,not only the executing subject of supervisory activities in the supervisory mechanism,but also the most critical role in the whole chain of imperial governance and power allocation.The rulers of Qin,Han,Ming and Qing Dynasties made continuous exploration on the selection of supervisors and established a system of selecting and appointing supervisors in accordance with the structure of state power,the application of high standard appointment conditions and special appointment procedures as well as strict appointment restrictions.The ancient system of selecting and appointing supervisors can provide some valuable reference and enlightenment for the reform of current supervisory system.The selection criteria of supervisory officials is closely related to the allocation of state power and the requirement of professionalization.The way of supervisory officers appointment determines the independence of supervisory officers.Comprehensive and meticulous restriction of supervisory officers appointment is an important guarantee for the effectiveness of supervision.