苗族人民的精神高地——苗族哲学思想研究述评

The Spiritual Highlands of Miao Nationality:A Review of Studies on the Philosophy of Miao Nationality

理论上的无知是一切年轻民族的标志,而苗族并不年轻,因而有了自己的哲学创造及相应的民族精神。在漫长的历史发展中,苗族人民形成了自己的哲学社会思想。目前,对苗族哲学研究可以作出以下评价:通过搜集整理形成了丰富的基础资料,可以作为哲学史史料基础,但对苗族哲学思想研究还要拓展史料根基;对苗族哲学的纵向进程与横向内容都展开了深入而富有成效的研究,但就苗族人民在自己生命体验中形成的丰富的哲学社会思想的本然状态,仍然需要用功进行探讨。比如特定环境中的苗歌所体现的民族精神即是必须要进行研究的内容,具体研究成果表现在:一是按照传统的哲学观念,对苗族哲学思想进行了多方面的清理或揭示,诸如对宇宙观、天人观、自然观、方法论、伦理观或伦理思想、审美意识或艺术哲学、生成哲学、生命哲学、原始思维等,这些成果已涉及传统哲学的方方面面;二是研究了一些基本的苗族哲学人物,包括鬻熊、龙绍纳、吴鹤、满朝荐、龙凤翔,及至沈从文等,这些人物或古或今,哲学社会思想也各有千秋,且分别被揭示;三是研究《苗族古歌》、《古歌》、《苗族生成哲学》、《苗族史诗》、“古老话”等苗族古籍,对一些物态文化、行为文化也进行了深入的内涵解读;四是对苗族九卦易经、生成哲学、一分为三的方法论等也有重要解剖,体现了苗族哲学的鲜明特色;五是对苗族哲学的历史形态进行了初步研究,如《中国少数民族哲学史》将其放入第二篇“重在哲学的形成”,阐明苗族哲学思想经过萌芽阶段而达到形成期,并进行了初步研究。笔者研究表明:苗族哲学从起源、产生、形成到近现代转型的历史过程相对完整,并有了自己的初步思考:一是从哲学思想发展线索上,我们大致可以描绘出一条清晰的历史线索,这就是苗族哲学从起源、产生、形成到近现代转型的历史过程;二是苗族哲学思想的一些特色得到了揭示,如在哲学思想萌芽阶段有宇宙起源的“雾罩”说、人类起源及人神兽共祖观念、“三相生成论”的起源论、“一分为三,三位一体”的生成哲学观等;三是苗族内部哲学思想发展的不平衡性,苗族哲学文化发展的形态特征出现了复杂性等。笔者还对近现代苗族哲学研究也提出了相应建议。

The theoretical ignorance is the symbol of all young nations,but the Miao nationality is not young and they have their own philosophical creation and corresponding national spirit.In the long historical development,the Miao nationality formed their own philosophical and social thinking style.At present,the following evaluation can be made on the study of Miao's philosophy:through collecting and sorting out,rich basic data have been formed,which can be used as the historical basis for the history of philosophy,but the study of Miao's philosophy also needs to expand the historical basis.Both the vertical process and the horizontal content of Miao philosophy have been studied deeply and effectively,but the natural state of the rich philosophical and social thoughts formed by the Miao people in their own life experience still needs to be studied further.For example,the national spirit embodied in the Miao songs in a specific environment should be studied deeply.The specific research results are as follows:Firstly,according to the traditional philosophical concepts,the Miao philosophical thoughts have been cleaned up or revealed in many aspects,such as cosmology,the view of heaven and man,the view of nature,methodology,ethics or ethical thought,aesthetic consciousness or artistic philosophy,generative philosophy,life philosophy,primitive thinking,etc.,which have already covered all aspects of traditional philosophy.Secondly,it is necessary to study some Miao’s philosophical figures both ancient and present,,including Jia Xiong,Long Shaona,Wu He,Man Chao Jian,Long Fengxiang,and Shen Congwen,etc.who have different philosophies and social thoughts and have been revealed respectively.Thirdly,it is to study the ancient Miao books such as"Miao Ancient Songs","Ancient Songs","Miao Ethnic Generation Philosophy","Miao Epic","Ancient Words",and to deeply interpret some material culture and behavior culture.Fourthly,it also has important anatomy on the nine divinatory symbols of the Miao nationality,the book of changes,the philosophy of generation,and the methodology of dividing one into three,which embodies the distinctive features of the Miao philosophy.Fifthly,it has made a preliminary study on the historical form of Miao philosophy.For example,the History of Chinese Minority Philosophy puts it into the second article,"Focus on the Formation of Philosophy",explaining that the Miao philosophy reached its formative stage through the embryonic stage,and has made a preliminary study.The author's research shows that the historical process of Miao philosophy from its origin,generation,formation to modern transformation is relatively complete and has its own preliminary thinking.First,from the clue of philosophical thought development,we can roughly draw a clear historical clue,which is the historical process of Miao philosophy from its origin,generation,formation to modern transformation.Second,some characteristics of Miao's philosophical thoughts have been revealed,such as the"fog cover"theory of the origin of the universe,the concept of human origin and the common ancestor of man and beast,the origin theory of the"three-phase generation theory"and the generation philosophy of"one divided into three and three in one"etc.The third is the imbalance in the development of Miao's internal philosophy and the complexity of the morphological characteristics of the development of Miao's philosophy and culture.The author also puts forward corresponding suggestions for the study of modern Miao philosophy.