契合与超越:马克思的实践理论与现象学原则的关系

The Agreement and Transcendence of Marx’s Practical Theory to the Phenomenological Principle

马克思的实践理论与现象学原则在基本精神上是契合的,但这种契合中却蕴含着对现象学原则的超越。为此,首先要搞清楚现象学的原则,然后用这个核心原则与马克思实践理论相比较。本文认为现象学的核心精神是追寻原初性,方法是还原,原初之物的共同性是时间性。我们通过对比发现,马克思通过双重还原,回到了现实的感性活动和现实的社会生产关系这两个原初之物,这一点在方法上与现象学回到事物本身的追求是一样的;且这两个原初之物都在时间中显现自身,与所有的现象学家的理论都是不谋而合的,这也说明了马克思的实践理论与现象学原则的契合。但是,由于马克思改造世界的要求,他并没有将对原初性追求的原则贯穿始终,而是在感性实践活动、社会生产关系和时间性的层面上时常回到"自然态度",即回到一个已经存在的物质世界之中。尽管这个世界是已经被人所改造和认识过的世界,但这毕竟已经是以一种设定的方式区分了改造者和世界。所以马克思实践理论的原则与现象学精神的契合只是表现在对哲学基础的追寻之上,却不表现在具体的行动原则上。马克思的"自然态度"展示了实践理论改造世界的巨大优势,从而超越了现象学仅仅旨在让事物本身显现的解释性理论,具有更加强大的生命力。

Marx’s theory of practice and phenomenological principle are in accordance with each other in basic spirit,but this kind of agreement contains superiority and transcendence to phenomenological principle.To explain these two problems,we should first make clear the principles of phenomenology,and then use this core principle to compare with Marx’s practical theory.This paper holds that the core spirit of phenomenology is to pursue primitiveness,the method is to restore,and the commonality of primordial things is timeliness.By contrast,we find that Marx,through double reduction,has returned to the two primordial things:the realistic perceptual activities and the realistic social production relations,which is the same as the phenomenological pursuit of returning to the things themselves.And these two original things show themselves in time,which coincides with all phenomenologist’s theories,which also shows that Marx’s practical theory and phenomenological principles fit.However,due to the requirement of Marx’s transformation of the world,he did not run through the principle of the original pursuit,but often returned to the"natural attitude"on the level of perceptual practice,social production relations and timeliness,that is,to return to an existing material world.Although the world has been transformed and recognized by people,it has,after all,distinguished the reformer and the world in a set way.Therefore,the agreement between the principles of Marx’s practical theory and the spirit of phenomenology is only reflected in the pursuit of philosophical basis,but not in the specific principles of action.Marx’s"natural attitude"shows the great advantage of practice theory in transforming the world,thus surpassing the phenomenological interpretative theory,which only aims to make things appear,and has more powerful vitality.