杨时身后形象的人为塑造--兼论杨时墓志撰写的风波

Construction and Covering:the Artificial Shaping of Yang Shi’s Image after His Death,and the Disputes over His Epitaph Writing

作为程门立雪的名贤与道南学派创始人,杨时在程朱学脉谱系中占有极其重要的历史地位。但与杨时身后纯正光辉的形象相反,在两宋之际对于其晚节存在各种质疑与非议。然而以陈渊为首的杨氏门人后学,利用诸多盖棺定论性的文字材料的组织、文饰,对杨时的形象和历史地位进行了一系列新的构建。杨时与蔡京父子的关系、高丽国主问龟山安在、《三经义辨》终结王学、"吾道南矣"说等,大量似是而非、真伪交织的材料不断层累地塑造出一个失真的杨时形象。此种失真形象不断强化并产生历史效用,更加遮蔽了诸如杨时维护蔡京之子等负面史料。此外,陈渊与胡安国还就杨时墓志的撰写产生了争论。吕本中、陈渊等为提升杨时地位,宣称胡氏传承杨时之学的说法,遭到胡安国的抵制而自墓志中删去。胡安国撰写杨时墓志时,为了突出其不卑小官,而隐去其推辞不就常州市易官的春秋笔法,也引起陈渊的强烈不满。陈渊亦曾明确致信胡安国,希望其在墓志中对杨时《三经义辨》等书再加溢美。然而陈渊种种为提升杨时历史形象的撰写要求,皆被胡安国回信明确拒绝。最后陈胡二人之争,以陈渊违背胡氏之意、改写杨时墓志而告终。

Yang Shi’s reputation was very good after his death,but on the contrary,his reputation was questioned and much criticized when he was alive.However,Yang’s posterity,led by Chen Yuan,had constructed a series of new images and historical status of Yang by editing on plenty of materials,e.g.the document of the relationship of Yang Shi and Cai Jing,his works subverting Wang Anshi’s theory,the theory of"my learning spreading to the South."A large number of plausible and false materials constantly created a distorted image of Yang.Besides,Chen Yuan and Hu Anguo also had an argument on the writing of Yang’s epitaph,and it ended at Chen changing the epitaph against Hu’s will.