论美国公开权制度与中国民事权利体系的不可兼容性

On the Incompatibility Between the Right of Publicity in America and the System of Civil Rights in China

人格要素的商业利用并没有改变人格权的性质,只是将人格要素的财产性利益显露出来。从美国公开权的历史发展过程中可以分析出,公开权的创设是为了弥补隐私权的缺憾。美国法中隐私权在普通法中出现,并一步步确立为成文法,难以提炼出关于一般性的人格权概念。通过对比美国公开权制度与中国一般人格权制度中对于姓名、肖像人格等要素的保护方式和保护效力,探究是否需要对人格要素的商业利益采取单独设权的保护模式。在中国,通过姓名权、肖像权、商标权以及反不正当竞争法规制可以有效地对人格要素的财产利益进行规制,从而达到与美国公开权制度类似的保护效果。所以不需要引入公开权制度,以免对中国现有的民事法律体系形成不必要的冲击。应当在大陆法系的传统下解释人格权商品化的现象,促进人格权的积极利用。

The commercial use of personality elements does not change the nature of personality rights,but reveals the property interests of personality elements.From the historical development of the right of publicity in the United States,it can be analyzed that the creation of the right of publicity is to make up for the lack of the right of privacy.In American law,the right of privacy appears in the common law and is gradually established as the statute law.It is difficult to extract the concept of general personality right.By comparing the ways and effectiveness of the protection of name,portrait personality and other elements in American public right system and Chinese general personality right system,this paper explores whether it is necessary to adopt the independent right protection mode for the commercial interests of personality elements.In China,through the regulation of name right,portrait right,trademark right and anti unfair competition law,we can effectively regulate the property interests of personality elements,so as to achieve the similar protection effect with the American public right system.Therefore,it is not necessary to introduce the system of the right of publicity in order to avoid unnecessary impact on the existing civil legal system of our country.It should be explained that the phenomenon of commercialization of personality right in the tradition of civil law system,and promote the positive use of personality right.