超越“有奴论”:论嵇文甫对中国上古史的探索及意义

Surpassing the theory of slavery: On Ji Wenfu’s exploration of ancient Chinese history and its significance

马克思主义史学派研讨中国上古史有"无奴论"与"有奴论"等多种视野。作为马克思主义史学派研讨中国上古史的先驱之一,嵇文甫由于不满郭沫若在"有奴论"视野下把中国上古定性为"奴隶制社会",基于旧学传人深厚素养和留学莫斯科中山大学期间苏联主流学界关于中国"无奴论"理论,通过探讨"奴隶"标准界定、区分存在奴隶、奴隶制与奴隶社会定性两个问题之差别、考察殷商西周劳动者身份、思考宗族制度在中国上古社会演进中重要地位等问题,从"长期封建论"走向"中国古代社会的早熟性""国家初形成时代"和"原始国家封建时代",否定了中国上古"有奴论"的基础。中国马克思主义史学派的学术重塑,除学术队伍的扩大外,对学派内部成员基于对唯物史观不同理解引发的"学术层面"争论,以及由此导致的研究多样性发掘也不可或缺。奴隶制社会并非马克思主义史学探讨中国上古文明的唯一理路,无论"有奴论""无奴论"或早期国家形成等理论,都必须建立在坚实理论探讨和材料支撑基础上,都应取长补短,重视对方研究成果。

The Marxist historiography school has the vision of"non slavery"and"slavery"in studying the ancient Chinese history. As one of the pioneers of Marxist historiography in the study of ancient Chinese history,different from Guo Moruo’s definition of China’s ancient times as a "slavery society"from the perspective of"slavery theory",Ji Wenfu went from"long-term feudalism"to"the precocity of ancient Chinese society","the early formation of the country"and "the feudal age of the primitive country",denied the basis of the"slavery theory"in ancient China. It is based on his profound accomplishment and the theory of"non slavery"in China in the mainstream academic circles of the Soviet Union during his study in Moscow Sun Yat-sen University,and based on the discussion of the definition of"slavery",the differentiation between the existence of slaves and the definition of slavery and slave society,the investigation of identity of workers in the Shang Dynasty and Western Zhou Dynasty,and the consideration of the important position of clan system in the evolution of ancient Chinese society. In addition to the expansion of the academic team,the academic debate based on different understandings of historical materialism and the exploration of research diversity are also indispensable to the academic reconstruction of Chinese Marxist historiography. Slavery society is not the only way for Marxist historiography to explore ancient Chinese civilization. No matter the theory of "slavery","non slavery"or the formation of early state,it must be based on solid theoretical discussion and material support.We should learn from each other’s strengths and pay attention to the research results of the other party.