论德国民法上的所有人占有人关系--兼评我国《民法典》第459-461条之规定

On the Legal Relationship between Owner and Possessor in the German Civil Code:Commenting on Article 459-461 of the Chinese Civil Code

《德国民法典》第987条以下用17个条文规定了一种极其特殊的法律关系:所有人占有人关系(Eigentümer-Besitzer-Verh?ltnisses)。该法律关系是指在构成了第985条所规定的所有人得请求无权占有人返还标的物之要件时,所有人与占有人之间所发生的损害赔偿请求权、孳息及用益利益返还请求权以及占有人的费用偿还请求权所构成的附从性请求权(Nebenansprüche)关系。《德国民法典》的起草者构建该特殊法律关系的基本法思想是其一以贯之的"在保护权利人与交易安全之间进行最佳之平衡"。基于该法思想,所有人占有人关系原则上应当作为封闭性法律关系,排除与侵权行为请求权、不当得利请求权、无因管理请求权等其他请求权的竞合。然而,由于利益状态复杂,故学说又不得不发展出各种例外,从而形成相当复杂的法律关系。德国法上所有人占有人关系对于理解我国《民法典》第459、460、461条极具启发性,对于我国法上所有人占有人关系之构建颇具借鉴意义。

Articles 987-1003 of the German Civil Code stipulates a very special legal relationship:owner-possessor-relationship(Eigentümer-Besitzer-Verh?ltnisses,EBV). This relationship refers to a series of claims,including claims for damages,returning of fruits and other gains,compensating for costs,between the owner and possessor on the basis that the owner has the right to claim for returning of the subject matter according to article 985. The basic legal idea of the drafters of the German Civil Code is its consistent principle "to keep best balance between protecting rights holders and transaction security." Therefore,the principle of this legal relationship is a closed legal relationship,which excludes the concurrence of other claim rights such as the claim based on torts,the right to claim unjust enrichment,and the right based on quasi contracts. However,due to the complexity of the state of interest,the legal theories have to develop various exceptions,as a result,a rather complicated legal relationship occurs. This legal relationship in German law is very instructive for understanding Article 459,460,461 of the Civil Code of PRC,and it is of great significance for the construction of the owner-possessor-relationship in our country.