行政处罚责任主义立场证立

The Proof of Administrative Penalty Responsibilism

责任主义作为尊重意志自由的民主立场,已经在我国侵权法和刑法中获致制度化。但其在行政法上却顺延行政两造而呈现出差异化文本,《行政处罚法》拒绝了有责性原则,奉行客观归责。这从根本上否定了行政处罚的民主取向,是历史上公平、公正价值让位行政效率的陈旧观念。实际上,违法并不能代替有责,责任主义具有独立的评价功能,行政相对人只有在主观上存有过错的情况下才能归责。这既是新近公法理论的一致主张,同时也是比较法上的常见规范。并且,以"经验法则"为中心的双元规范责任论,能够最大程度缓解行政机关证明有责性的技术压力。因此,应凭借此次《行政处罚法》修改契机,吸纳责任主义精神,丰富《行政处罚法》中的责任条款,建构主客观相统一的行政处罚归责体系。

As a democratic position of respecting the freedom of the will,responsibilism has been institutionalized in tort law and criminal law. However,in terms of administrative law,it follows the two administrative systems and presents a differentiated text,the Administrative Penalty Law rejects the principle of accountability and pursues objective imputation. This fundamentally negates the democratic orientation of administrative punishment,and is the old concept of fairness and justice value giving way to administrative efficiency in history. In fact,violation of the law can not replace accountability,because responsibility has an independent evaluation function,as a result,the administrative counterpart can be liable only if there is fault subjectively,the administrative counterpart can only be blamed if there is a subjective fault. This is not only the consistent claim of the recent public law theory,but also the common norm of comparative law. Moreover,the dual standard responsibility theory centered on "rule of experience" can relieve the technical pressure of the administrative organs to prove responsibility to the greatest extent. Therefore,it is necessary to take advantage of the revision of the Administrative Penalty Law,absorb the spirit of responsibility,enrich the liability clauses in the Administrative Penalty Law,and construct a system of administrative penalty imputation with the unity of subjective and objective.