重新评价马克思的自我异化理论——兼评广松涉对马克思的批判

Reevaluation of Marx’s Theory of Self-alienation--On Hiromatu Wataru’s Critique of Marx

"自我异化"理论是马克思早期思想的基本框架和主要特征,但学术界对它的主流评价却是消极的。广松涉就认为马克思的自我异化理论属于青年黑格尔派的思想,与唯物史观无法兼容。针对这一主张,需要区分发端于黑格尔的两种自我异化理论:"精神的自我异化"和"自我意识的自我异化",马克思的自我异化理论是批判性地继承后者的基础上建立起来的,是一种"劳动的自我异化"理论,这种新型的自我异化理论不仅彻底突破了以往只能以超验的观念主体来解释历史的局限,破天荒地使对历史的解释建立在唯物主义的基础之上,而且还可以改变消极地评价马克思异化理论的现状。

Self-alienation(Selbstentfremdung)theory is the fundamental framework and the main characteristic of Marx’s early thought.However,so far the mainstream evaluation of this theory is negative.Hiromatu Wataru thought that Marx’s theory of self-alienation was the offshoot of the thought of Young Hegelian School,which was incompatible with historical materialism.In response to this claim,this article tries to distinguish two kinds of self-alienation theories originated from Hegel:the self-alienation of spirit and the self-alienation of self-consciousness,points out that Marx’s self-alienation theory was established on the basis of critical inheritance of self-alienation of self-consciousness,and it was a kind of self-alienation of labor theory.This new self-alienation theory had not only completely broken through the old limitations that we could only explain the history with transcendental subject of idea,which made the interpretation of history based on materialism for the first time,but also changed the current situation of the negative evaluation of Marx’s alienation theory.