明代“中国”西部疆域形成史论--以明朝经略西藏为中心的考察

Research on the Formation History of the Western Territory in Ming China:Based on the Discussion of Management for Tibet in Ming Dynasty

明朝对西藏的经略始于洪武初年,至洪武八年(1375)基本确定了对西藏的全面统治和管辖。永乐时期的明朝,以西藏为中心阻断蒙古、西域之间的联系,使西藏成为明代"中国"疆域的重要组成部分,出现终明一世,西陲晏然的景象。西藏与明朝之间明确政治管辖关系的形成,既体现出西藏文明东向发展的政治、经济、文化、宗教等层面的强烈需求,也包含有明朝继承元朝疆域遗产的政治意图和构建防御北方蒙古势力的北方防御体系的战略需要。西藏作为明代"中国"与"天下"在西部疆域范围的重合部分,为近世"中国"疆域的最终形成奠定了基础。可以说,明代"天下"的范围既包括明代"中国",也包括周边的朝贡国家。明代"中国"划定出明朝的西部疆域范围,明代"天下"则是由明朝主导的东亚朝贡体系所确立的亚洲地缘政治格局在地理空间上的投射,并在古代向近世转变的世界历史发展进程中扮演了极为重要的角色。

The Ming Government’s administration of Tibet began in the early years of Hong Wu(洪武)and completed its overall rule and jurisdiction over Tibet in1375. The Ming Dynasty blocked the contact between Mongolia and the western regions centered on Tibet, making Tibet an important part of the "China"territory of the Ming Dynasty, appearing a scene of stability in the western regions in the Ming Dynasty of Yong Le(永乐).The formation of a clear political jurisdiction relationship between Tibet and the Ming Dynasty, it was not only the strong political, economic, cultural and religious needs of the eastward development of Tibetan civilization, but also contained the political intention of inheriting the territory of the Yuan Dynasty and the strategic need of building a northern defense system against the northern Mongol forces.Tibet as the overlapping part of"Ming China"and"the World"in the western territory, it laid the foundation for the final formation of the territory of modern China. It also can be regarded that the scope of"the World"in Ming Dynasty included"Ming China"and the surrounding tributary states."Ming China"established the boundaries of the Ming Dynasty."Ming World"was geopolitical reflection and projection of Asian geopolitical pattern established by the East Asian tributary system dominated by the Ming Dynasty.It plays an extremely important role in the process of the development of world history in ancient times.