清代新疆冰岭道建置考

Research on the Construction of Xinjiang Musur Road in Qing Dynasty

冰岭道作为乾隆平回之后为屯田伊犁而设的首条官方台路,其重要性自不待言。然而,长期以来,学界对这一问题的研究却较为缺乏。近年来,虽有学者对冰岭道做了专门探讨,但对于此路最为重要且变化最为剧烈的建置初期的情形,却由于汉文史料的匮乏而论述简略,考证失实。有鉴于此,本文在吸收前人经验的基础上,充分利用满汉文史料,对冰岭道的建置情形进行了考察。首先,证实了冰岭道建置初期并非仅有两阶段,而是有着层次分明的三个阶段。其次,对三阶段中所设台站的兴废增减进行了梳理,并阐明其调整过程不仅反映了台站职能的变化,更体现了清廷对新疆统治思想的变迁。最后,考证出伊犁驻防建设初期,伊犁地区与外界沟通的官方台路仅有冰岭道一条。

Musur road is the first official road for the reclamation of Ili after Qianlong’s Ping Hui.It’s importance is self-evident.However,the academic research on this subject is rather lackingfor a long time.In recent years,some scholars have made special discussions on the Musur road.But due to the lack of historical archives in Chinese, the judgement on the most important early stage of the Musur road is inexact.In view of this,this article is based on absorbing previous experience,making full use of Manchu and Chinese historical archives, and investigates the initial stage of Musur road construction. Firstly, in the early days of Musur road construction,there were not just two stages,but three stages.Secondly, post stations of Musur road had changed so much in the three stages, and these changes not only reflect the adjustment of the functions of post stations, but also reflect the change of the Qing Dynasty’s ruling ideology towards Xinjiang. Finally, at the early stage of garrison construction in Ili, Musur roadwas the only official post station for communication with the outside world in Ili area.