“规范说”视角下一般条款的证明责任分配——以我国不当得利诉讼为例

The Distribution of Burden of Proof of General Terms in the Perspective of“Normentheorie”——A Case Study of Unjust Enrichment Lawsuits in China

在适用法律文本进行裁判时,法律解释、续造等活动不可避免,证明责任分配也必然受到上述司法活动的影响。实践中,法律一般条款的具体适用与证明责任分配原则之间往往存在着紧张关系。基于对我国不当得利诉讼的研究可知,通过类型化实现一般规范核心概念的具体化是正当且必要的。对一般条款中“核心要件”的解析,揭示了诉讼中证明责任分配以及具体案件事实证明的真实图景。在依据我国《民法总则》第122条分配不当得利案件的证明责任时,应当首先识别不当得利的具体类型,从而判定该案“核心要件事实”的范围,并在此范围内课以原告证明责任。对于被告的反对主张,需要在明确原告客观证明责任范围后,依据反对主张的法律性质分配相应的举证证明责任。

In legal practice,activities such as legal interpretation and rechtsfortbildung are inevitable,by which the distribution of the burden of proof is as well impacted.The relationship between the concrete application of general terms and the distribution of the burden of proof is always intense.According to the study of lawsuit of unjust enrichment in China,it is legitimate and necessary to use categorization to realize the concretization of the core concepts of general norms of specification.The analysis of“core elements”of general terms reveals the true view of the distribution of the burden of proof and the proof by facts of specific cases in lawsuit.According to Article 122 of General Principles of Civil Law,when allocating the burden of proof in cases of unjust enrichment,it is of priority to recognize the concrete type of unjust enrichment,so as to decide the range of the“core elements and facts”in which the burden of proof is undertaken by plaintiff.When dealing with the protest of defendant,it is required to confirm the objective scope of proof liability of the plaintiff in the first place and then to allocate the relevant burden of proof in terms of the legal nature of the protest.