李渊称臣突厥的“名实”之辩——基于历史语境的考察

Rethinking Li Yuan’s Surrender to Turk:A Research Based on Historical Context

李渊称臣于突厥是史学界一个争论已久的话题,以往研究都以后来者的身份审视此事,忽视了当事人对此事的认识。李渊起兵旗号与旗帜的选择均体现了他扶持隋室、废掉炀帝的起事策略。他在这种策略下,初期对突厥一直保持着谨慎小心的态度,通过输出财物的方式维持与突厥的关系。之后始毕可汗去世,处罗可汗登基,针对突厥的政策发生了转变,李渊的势力在此基础上逐渐扩张,最终成功地取得北方中国的领导权。在这一过程中,中原割据政权向异族妥协,并接受“可汗”称号,根源于游牧部落的政权组织形式,有时双方约为“兄弟之国”,有的则被表述为“称臣”,这在隋末到唐朝时只是外交形式,并无称臣之实。五代以后,中原王朝向异族称臣已不仅仅是外交称呼,“奉表称臣”已屡见不鲜。

Li Yuan’s surrender to Turk has been disputed for a long time in historical academia.Previous studies examined the matter from the perspective of the latecomers rather than from Li Yuan’s perspective.Li Yuan’s choice of banner in the uprising suggested his strategy of supporting the Sui Dynasty by dethroning the Emperor Yang.Consequently,Li Yuan kept a low profile towards Turk in the early days to maintain a relationship with Turk by paying tribute.When Chuluo Khan ascended the throne after Shibi Khan,Li Yuan changed policies toward Turk with the conquest of the hegemony in North China.In this process,the separatist regime in Central Plains of China surrendered to the foreign race and accepted“Khan”as leader,which was rooted in the regime form of nomadic tribes.No matter whether the two regimes regarded each other as“brotherly friend”or“irreconcilably foe”,this was nothing but a diplomatic form from the end of the Sui Dynasty to Tang Dynasty,bearing no sense of surrender at all.After the Five Dynasties,the central plains regimes’surrendering to the foreign races was not only a diplomatic address,but a common occurrence.