深化中国天然气价格机制改革的思考

On deepening the reform of China’s natural gas price mechanism

随着国家石油天然气管网集团有限公司(以下简称国家管网公司)的成立和新版《中央定价目录》的发布,中国天然气价格机制改革面临着新的目标和新的路径。在调研国外天然气价格形成机制发展现状与趋势的基础上,分析了中国现行天然气价格机制与市场的适应性。研究结果表明:①现行天然气基准门站价格机制总体与天然气市场结构和供需实际相适应,但应进行完善和市场化改革;②应将现行与油价挂钩的天然气定价机制作为价格机制改革的第一目标,而将气-气竞争价格形成机制作为价格机制发展的最终目标模式。基于上述结果,提出了中国天然气价格机制市场化改革的推进措施:①贯彻落实天然气勘查开采领域全面开放政策;②加强对国家管网公司的监管;③改革和完善现行天然气门站价格机制;④发展多气源和多卖方的市场竞争;⑤建设和发展天然气交易中心;⑥发挥市场配置资源和政府管控的双重作用。最后对近期中国天然气价格机制改革提出建议:①用多种方式合力缓解进口气亏损;②完善管道运价机制,降低输气价格;③并行应用天然气门站价和气源(出厂)价;④降低城市配气价格水平,取消居民用气阶梯价格。

With the establishment of National Oil&Gas Pipeline Network Corporation and the publication of the new version of Central Pricing Catalog,the reform of China’s natural gas price mechanism faces new targets and paths.This paper analyzed the adaptability of China’s current natural gas price mechanism and market after investigating the development status and trend of foreign natural gas pricing mechanism.And the following research results were obtained.First,on the whole,the current reference gate price mechanism of natural gas is in line with the natural gas market structure and actual supply and demand,but it shall be improved and marketized.Second,it is necessary to take the current natural gas pricing mechanism linked with oil price as the first target of price mechanism reform and the gas-gas competition pricing mechanism as the final target mode of price mechanism development.And accordingly,the measures for promoting the market-oriented reform of China’s natural gas price mechanism were put forward as follows.First,implement the full opening up policy in the field of natural gas exploration and development.Second,strengthen the supervision on the National Oil&Gas Pipeline Network Company.Third,reform and improve the current gate price mechanism of natural gas.Fourth,develop the market competition of multiple gas sources and multiple sellers.Fifth,build and develop a gas trading hub.Sixth,make full use of the double action of market’s resource allocation and government’s control.Finally,several suggestions on the reform of China’s natural gas price mechanism in the near future were proposed:apply many modes jointly to alleviate the deficit of gas import;improve the pipeline transportation price mechanism and reduce the gas transportation price;apply gate price and source(ex-factory)price of natural gas in parallel;lower the city gas distribution price level and cancel the step price of residential gas.