民族冲突与融合下的儒家道德渗润--以五胡十六国忠德状况为例

Confucian Moral Infiltration under Ethnic Conflict and Integration--A Case Study of Loyalty and Morality Status in Sixteen Kingdoms of Wuhu

五胡十六国是中国历史上一个极度混乱和血腥的历史时期。尽管"五胡乱华"、衣冠南渡,但在中原和广大的北方地区,在激烈的民族冲突中,儒家文化仍借助着民族融合的大势,而进行着全面且深远的文化渗润。与此同时,五胡十六国各民族政权也积极主动吸纳和认同儒家文化和道德精神,特别是忠孝节义等纲常伦理。在此期间,尽管受战乱影响,在忠德的传承和践行方面遭遇了前所未有的冲击和困境,但忠于君王仍成为胡汉民族共同坚守的道德操守;各为其主也受到社会的广泛认同;臣子自觉地把谏诤作为自己应尽的义务,并积极调适忠孝冲突,在忠君与孝亲之间做着艰难的抉择。另一方面,统治者则通过优礼忠臣、惩戒不忠来劝励臣子践行忠德。五胡十六国虽为史上有名的乱世,但中国传统伦理文化的传承仍不绝如缕,在民族融合中实现了渗润和互动。这一时期,忠德非但没有沉沦和湮没,反而成为统治阶级和广大臣民所共同坚守的道德精神,五胡十六国也因此成为中国传统忠德变迁史上承上启下的重要一页。

Sixteen Kingdoms of Wuhu is a period of extreme chaos and bloody history in Chinese history.In spite of "Wuhu chaos" and people’s migration to the south of China, in the Central Plains and the vast northern areas, during the fierce ethnic conflicts, Confucian culturestill carried out a comprehensive and far-reaching cultural infiltration with the help of the general trend of ethnic integration.Meanwhile, the political power of all ethnic groups in Sixteen Kingdoms of Wuhu also actively absorbed and recognized the Confucian culture and moral spirit, especially the principles and ethics of loyalty, filial piety, chastity and righteousness.During this period, although influenced by the wars, the inheritance and practice of loyalty encountered unprecedented impact and difficulties, loyalty to kings still became the common moral integrity of Hu and Han nationalities;working for your own master was widely recognized by the society;the ministers consciously took admonition as their duty, and actively adjusted the conflict between loyalty and filial piety, making a difficult choice between loyalty and filial piety.On the other hand, the rulers encouraged their subjects to practice loyalty through good manners and punishments of disloyalty.AlthoughSixteen Kingdoms of Wuhu are famous turbulent times in history, the inheritance of Chinese traditional ethics and culture continued, realizing infiltration and interaction in national integration.Instead of disappearing, loyalty and virtue became the moral spirit held by the ruling classes and the majority of subjects in this period.Therefore, Sixteen Kingdoms of Wuhu also became an important link between the preceding and the following in the history of Chinese traditional loyalty.