历史时间、历史实在与历史表现——科泽勒克与当代史学理论

Historical Time, Historical Reality, and Historical Representation: Reinhart Koselleck and Contemporary Historical Theory

以叙事主义为主导的当代西方史学理论,强调历史认识的想象性和历史表现的故事性,将历史真实性问题转化为意义之赋予和效用的问题,丰富和改变了有关历史实在的讨论方式,但同时也让历史实在与历史表现之间的关系问题变得更加复杂。科泽勒克的史学研究实践表明,对历史时间问题的思考或许有助于人们进一步理解历史实在与历史表现之间的复杂关系,弥补叙事主义的不足。他的史学研究以历史时间为主线,以概念考察为实例,指出历史行为主体的经验可以衔接实在与表现。科泽勒克强调历史认识主体本身所具有的彻底的历史性和时间性,这为克服历史认识论中的主客二元对立提供了启示。以时间性为切入点来反思历史实在论,可能有助于弥合历史与史学、生活与思想之间的鸿沟。

Dominated by narrativism,contemporary historical theory in the West emphasizes the imagination of historical knowledge and the story-telling of historical representation,thus transforming the problem of historical authenticity into the problem of meaning-giving and the utility of meaning;while it enriches and reforms the ways of discussing historical reality,it complicates the relationship between historical reality and historical representation.In light of his practice of historical study,Reinhart Koselleck shows us that the thinking of historical times can contribute to the further understanding of the complicated relationship between historical reality and historical representation,and it can even make up the deficiency of narrativism.Koselleck takes historical times as the guideline and the examination of concepts as empirical cases.He points out that the temporal experiences of historical agents can connect reality with representation.Through the perspective of existentialism,Koselleck has prosed a holistic construct of history,which stresses that a historical agent is characterized by the inherent and thorough historicity and temporality.In this way,he has offered inspirations for overcoming the subject/object dichotomy within historical epistemology.In order to reflect on historical realism and to bridge the increasingly gap between res gestae and historia rerum gestarum as well as the gap between life and thought,we can take temporality as a vantage point.