如何理解日本刑事诉讼“诉因”及其关联概念

How to Understand the“Count”and Its Related Concepts in Japanese Criminal Proceedings

日本“诉因”制度兼具大陆法系、英美法系国家关于刑事审判对象的理论和做法。中国对“诉因”的概念众说纷纭,且不易于让人深刻、直观理解“诉因”到底是什么。特别是在其重要关联概念“公诉事实”的问题上,中国文献不仅用语混乱,还使用了“案件事实”“犯罪事实”“犯罪构成事实”“诉因事实”等未能厘清的提法,进一步增加了领悟“诉因”理论的难度。立足汉语法律语境,在构建上述概念体系的基础上,对“诉因”可理解为“起诉‘某人做了某事涉嫌犯某罪’时,为了区别于他人、他事、他罪,而在起诉书中必须载明的定罪意见及其事实根据”。为避免用词混乱,将来对大陆法系国家确定刑事审判对象的做法可统称为“公诉事实同一制度(模式)”,对日本探讨刑事审判对象的旧派学说统称为“公诉事实同一对象说”。

There are many different opinions about the concept of“count”in China,and it is not easy for people to deeply and intuitively understand what“count”is.Especially on the issue of its important related concept“public prosecution facts”,domestic literature not only uses terms inconsistently,but also uses expressions like“case facts”,“criminal facts”,“crime constitutes facts”and“count facts”,etc.,which have not been clarified,further increasing the difficulty of understanding the theory of“count”.In domestic context,on the basis of constructing the above-mentioned concept system,“count”can be understood as the conviction opinion,and its factual basis must be stated in the indictment in order to distinguish it from others when prosecuting a person who has done something and is suspected of committing a crime.In the future,the practice of determining the object of criminal trial in continental law countries should be collectively referred to as“the system(mode)of the same facts as public prosecution”,and the old school theory of Japan on the object of criminal trial should be collectively referred to as“the object theory of the same facts as public prosecution”.