Wild bee distribution near forested landscapes is dependent on successional state

Background:Forested landscapes are valuable sources of ecosystem services especially in areas dedicated to intense agricultural activities.Distance from forest margin is known to influence the wild bee community in the landscape surrounding forested patches.Yet little is known regarding how bee communities distribute themselves in landscapes that exhibit different forest successional states.Methods:We examined how land use type and distance from the forest edge affect the abundance and richness of the wild bee community across four forest successional states.Bees were collected in sites representing four stages of forest succession and analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with negative binomial distributions.Results:Wild bee diversity is reduced in forested environments that maintain dense stands of trees and high canopy cover.Additionally,distance from the forest edge was an important factor determining wild bee distribution in successional stages adjacent to forest edges.Furthermore,we found that bees maintain high specificity for distinct successional states and distances.Conclusions:Our results demonstrate how different successional stages can harbor different bee species and highlight the ability of microhabitats to act as reservoirs of bee diversity in and around forest margins.Furthermore,we found that maximizing successional patchiness across forested landscapes increases the amount of available habitat that can support a diverse suite of bees with different nesting biologies and behaviors.