马克思对洛克财产权理论的透视与批判

Marx's Examination and Reconstruction of Locke's Theory of Property Rights

洛克财产权理论为后世自由主义的资本主义所有制辩护奠定了劳动原则与个人所有原则。从表面上看,洛克财产权理论的两大原则与马克思劳动理论具有一定的同质性。事实上,马克思通过以劳动为基础的私有制和以占有他人劳动为基础的私有制的区分,证明了洛克的劳动原则无法成为资本主义私有制的正当性依据;并根据商品所有权规律向资本主义占有规律的转化,揭示自由主义在为资本主义所有制辩护时陷入劳动幻象的根源与机制。同时,马克思在劳动力商品化的分析中通过描述劳动者与劳动力分离的历史过程,对洛克自我所有原则进行前提性批判,即人与人格的区分是自我所有原则的前提,而人与人格的区分是历史的产物,而非自然法的前提。

Locke's theory of property rights laid down for liberalism the principles of labor and individual ownership.Marx proves that Locke's labor principle cannot be the justification of capitalist private ownership in virtue of the distinction between labor-based private ownership and private ownership that is based on the possession of other people's labor.According to the shift from the law of commodity ownership to the law of capitalist possession,Marx reveals the origins and mechanisms of how liberalism was caught up in the illusion of labor when defending the capitalist ownership of labor.Meanwhile,in his analysis of the commercialization of the labor force,Marx criticizes the precondition of Locke's self-ownership principle as the distinction between person and personality by describing the historical process of separation between the worker and the labor force,while highlighting that the distinction between person and personality is the product of history,not the premise of natural law.